IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


^  1^    III  2.2 
t    1^    IIIII2.0 


1.8 


\A.  IIIII16 


7 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STREIT 

V.EBSTER,N.Y.  14580 

(716)  373-4503 


V 


V 


^^^ 


\ 


\ 


^  >.  '^K\ 


C/.x 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


> 


i 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagee 


□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pelliculde 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Hi: 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
ere  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relie  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  dune  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6es 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach68s 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materic 
Comprend  du  matdriel  supplementaire 


I      I  Pages  damaged/ 

I      I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~^  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

ry]  Pages  detached/ 

r~^  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/  '^ 

Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  facon  ^ 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X                             16X                             20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmad  h«r«  hat  b««n  reproduced  thank* 
to  the  generosity  of: 

University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gtntrositA  de: 

University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  end  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  In  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Las  images  suivantes  ont  At*  reprodultes  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  netteti  de  l'exemplaire  filmA,  et  en 
conformity  avec  ies  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres 
sion,  or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  Illustrated  Impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  filmte  en  commen9ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreint ) 
d'improssion  ou  d'illustratlon.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fllmts  en  commengant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustratlon  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
derniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  —•*  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  y  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  lerge  to  be 
entirely  Included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  ss 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fllmte  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff Arents. 
Lor^que  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cllchA.  II  est  film*  A  partir 
de  Tangle  suptrleur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite.  . 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iliustrent  la  mAthode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

#' 


42d  Congress,  ) 
Is*  Session,     f 


SENATE. 


i  Ex.  Doo. 
\   No.  12. 


EEPORT 


OF  A 


RECONNAISSANCE  OF  THE  YUKON  RIVER, 


ALASKA    TERIUTOR.Y. 


JULY  TO  .SEPTEMBER,  18(il). 


23Y    CA.1PXAIN"    CHARLE-S    AV.    RA.Y]M02^13, 

CORPS  OF  KXGDiEF.RS,   U.  S.  AlfMY. 


I  m 


^'# 


.  »  " 

2 

5' 

5912 

Y' 

Y9 

U! 

U558 

li 

1871 

WASHINGTON: 
OVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFIOE. 
1871. 


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1 


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1     .JlSi, 


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T 


"%■. 


■^-' 


,^- 


LETTER 


OF 


THE  SECRETARY  OF  AVAR. 


iitANSMrniMi 


Report  of  emjinccr  fcconiummnce  of  the  Yalva  Riir>\  Alaska  Tcrrliorii. 

n-ith  appendlr  and  map. 


« 

1  .jMi. 


V 


Ai'HU.   17.  1^71. —  lifrcncd  to  tln'  C'oiniiiiitfc  on  Militaiy  AtVair'^  ;nul  (inicicd  to  lie 

printed. 


War  ])epaijtme>?t,  April  15,  187 J. 
The  Secretary  of  AVar  has  the  honor  to  .submit  to  the  Tiiited  States 
Senate  the  acconii)an,vin^-  report  of  an  engineer  reconnais.sance  of  the 
Yukon  Iviver,  Ahiska  Territory,  made  under  the  orders  of  the  ei)nunand- 
ing  general  ]\[ilitary  Division  of  the  Paeifie,  whicli,  with  tlie  aeeoni]>a- 
nying  appendix  and  nnq),  it  is  believed  will  be  of  interest  to  the  public 


generally. 


W:\I.  A\'    r.ELKNAl\ 

^ccretari/  of   War. 


awtttas 


■IliMiftiii  rinrwii  iniiiiii  I 


4»alf6i3nitnTti  Ti  - 


<-?IP 


■f<w<iM 


liiH 


/ 


T 


Li'/l'TKK   OF  TlfAN'HJIITTAI. 


/ 


Office  JJoard  of  Engineers  yon  For/nFi<'ATi()>'s, 

Xeic  y<>rl\  April  1,  1S71. 

General:  I  have  the  honor  to  trinisniit,  tlii'ouj;h  the  Enjiiiioor  liii- 
rcau,  to  the  eoiuinaiulinj^-  goiioral  of  the  ]\rilitary  Division  of  the  raeitie, 
tlie  a(*com]ianyin,u-  rcpoi't  of  a  roconnaissance  on  the  Yukon  Jliver, 
Alaska,  made  <lni'in.n-  the  summer  of  the  year  18()i),  tof^cther  with  a  ma]> 
iUustrative  of  the  same. 

Th<>  reduction  of  tlu^  liehl-notes  and  the  eon>^truetion  of  the  map 
have  involved  considerable  labor,  most  of  wliieli  has  been  undertaken 
by  mvself;  and  as  this  work  has  Iteen  the  oeeupation  of  my  leisiuefroni 
other  duties,  the  delisy  in  its  completion  until  the  present  time  has  been 
unavoidable. 

Mr.  ,lohn  J.  3IaJor.  my  assistant  in  the  lield,  rendered  valuable  and 
zealous  aid  throu.i;hout  the  expedition.  His  services  are  indicated  in 
the  report  and  records. 

AeknowledjA'ment  is  also  due  to  J'rofessor  (Jeori;*'  Davidson.  United 
States  Coast  Survey,  for  kind  assistance  and  advice  in  the  preparation 
of  the  expedition:  "to  Urevet  Lieutenant  Colonel  Williamson,  Corps  of 
Engineers,  Commodore  Emmons,  United  States  Xavy,  and  Professors 
Ililgard  and  Schott,  of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  for  useful  suj;- 
j-estions,  and  for  data  iiee»'ssary  in  the  reduction  of  tield-notes  ;  and  to 
Messrs.  Wniiam  I r.  Dall,  Frederick  Whymper,  and  Willianv  H.  Ennis, 
for  maps  and  <>eneral  information. 

J  am  under  obligations  to  Captain  Ifiedell,  su])erintendent  of  the  trad- 
ing-station at  Jvedoubt  St.  Michaers,  for  a  series  of  meteorological  ob- 
servations at  that  station  ;  to  :Mr.  Fin-diuand  Westdahl  for  skillful  aid 
on  several  occasions  in  the  re[>air  of  instrunu'nts,  and  in  the  observa- 
tory;  and  to  ^Ir. -1  oh  n  Clark  for  his  generous  eoiiperation  during  our 
return  Journey  to  the  coast,  mention  of  Avhich  will  be  found  in  the 
leport. 

To  the  traders  of  Northern  Alaska,  and  esi)ecially  to  those  who  were 
my  compaiuons  during  our  Journey  up  the  Yukon,  1  am  indebted  for 
ready  and  effective  assistance  on  many  occasions. 

r  "wouhl  also  ex[>ress  my  sense  of  the  court(^ous  hospitality  of  Mr. 
John  Wilson,  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  in  charge  at  Fort  Yukon  at 
the  time  of  my  arrival  at  that  post. 

The  reduction  of  the  astronomical  tteld-notes  has  been  essentially 
facilitated  by  the  able  and  diligent  assistance  of  :Messrs.  A.  Fabev  du 
Faur  and  William  C.  (runnell,  to  whom,  as  also  to  :\[r.  E.  v.  Diezelski 
for  his  intelligent  eoiiperation  in  the  construction  of  the  accompanying 
map,  my  thanks  are  due. 

In  transmitting  this  report  1  cannot  but  regret  that  the  informatn)n 
which  it  contains  is  in  so  many  respects  incomi>lete.  I  may,  however, 
call  attention  to  the  fact  that  it  is  the  result  of  a  rapid  reconnaissance, 
executed  under  peculiar  disadvantages,  and  scarcely  to  be  dignified  by 
the  title  of  an  exploration.    The  circumstances  of  the  expedition  are 


6  '  RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER. 

(Icsovihod  ill  dotail  in  tlio  report,  and  it  is  l.t'licvt'il  that   they  will   sulU- 
cioutly  account  for  many  inaccnrai-ics  and  (.missions. 
'  Very  resi>octiullv.  voiir  obedient  servant. 

■  (;iJAf5.  W.  IIAV.MONI), 

Captain  of  IJiujinccys. 

The  CriiEF  of  En(;ineeus. 

Uniied  Sfafrs  Anini.  ]V<i>iIi>ii[it<>>i.  />.  C 


<>in>i:w>  AM>  iN>Ti;i  (. Ti<)N>. 

lTEAD(>rAUTEU8  MlLITAltV  DlVISK.N  (»1'  JIIE  rA<"Il<MC, 

»Sf*(  FraiH-lscn.  Ctili/onii(t.  April  '2,  1S()!>. 

(,'ai)tain  ('.  NV.  iJiivmond.  Turps  ot"  Engineers,  Avill  i.roceed  by  the  first 
opportunity,  yia  Kitka  and  Kodiak.  to  Fort  Yukon,  Ahiska,  and  will 
carry  out  iiistructions  ,uiven  IVom  this  ollire.  Upon  eomph'tion  oftliese 
duties  lie  will  return  to.  ami  reimrt  tor  duty  at.  these  headtpiarters. 

I5v  order  of  .Major  (ieneral  llalleek  : 

ja:vii:s  r..  fiiv, 

As>iis!tant  Ailjiif'iiif  (it'iH'raJ. 
OtUcial :      . 

\v.  i;.  s:vn:i)r.i:EG, 

Ih-a-ct  LivviciHint  ('oinncl  L'liijnl  >sttit('s  An}!}/.  A.  A.  A.  d. 


IlEADijrAUTEKS  IMlI.lTAUV  DUISluN  ol    THE  rACIFK', 

ISan  Francisco,  California.  April  2,  lSOt>. 
('ArTAiN:  In  connection  with  Sjiecial  Orders  2S'o.  5 1,  current  series, 
from  this  oflice,  ]\[ajor  Cieueral  llalleek  <lireets  nu^  to  say  that  the  main 
obiect  of  your  yisit  to  Alaska  is.  the  determination  of  the  latitude  ami 
huigittule'of  Fort  Yukon,  lie  directs,  also,  that,  so  far  as  i)racticable, 
yoirasccrtain  and  rejiort  upon  the  amount  of  trade  carried  on  l>y  the 
iludsou  Bay  Company  within  our  territory,  reportinji'  more  particularly 
upo.i  the  quantity  of  j>oods  brou.uht  by  them  from  British  territory. 
He  further  desires  all  information  that  you  can  obtain  in  referem^e  to 
the  resources  of  the  Y'ukon  and  its  tiibutarics,  and  with  regard  to  thn 
uuudjcr  and  dispositiou  of  the  natiye  tribes  on  or  in  its  yicinity. 

The  geueral  directs  you  to  make  a  report  uiton  the  number  and  con 
dition  of  the  public  buildings  at  .Michaeloy.ski. 
Very  resi)ectfully.  your  obedient  servant, 

KOBEBT  X.  SCOTT, 
Brevet  Lieutenant  Colonel  and  A.  A.  A.  d. 

(^aidain  C.  W.  Bayiviond, 

United  States  Corpfi  of  Engineers,  i>renent. 


W>-?W».^t;;^''. '  j" 


1  N  T  R  0  D  U  C  T 1 0  N 


\Mi('ii  tlio  tnmstVi  of  tlio  ton-itory  of  Alaska  to  tlir  Kiiitod  States 
was  fousiiiiimattMl,  Irw  Amciicans  wciv  aware  tliat  we  had  acciuirt'd  a 
river  which,  risiiiji'  far  in  the  interior  and  drainin};  a  vast  area,  Hows 
two  thousand  miU's  in  its  eoui-se  to  the  sea,  The  Yukon  is  tlie  largest 
and  longest  stream  <'ini)t,ving  on  the  Avestern  coast  of  the  American  con- 
tinent, and  it  may  well  be  r(  garded  a.>  one  of  the  great  rivers  of  the 
Avorld. 

This  mighty  stream,  the  region  which  it  waters,  and  the  tiibes  which 
inhabit  irs  banks,  will  be  the  subJe(!tsof  subseijuent  chapters.  In  these 
introductory  jtagcs  I  ])ropose  to  give,  as  briefly  as  jnay  bi',  a  history  of 
the  explorations  which  iiave  been  ma«le  in  this  i)ortion  of  the  new  Terri- 
tory: to  indicate  the  sources  of  information  which  exist  concerning  it ; 
to  explain  the  character  and  scope  of  the  duty  with  which  T  have  been 
honored:  and,  finally,  to  describe  the  system  which  has  been  followed 
in  the  preparation  of  this  rei)ort. 

The  coast  of  Itussian  ^Vmerica  and  the  islands  of  the  Aleutian  Archi- 
l)elago  have  been  well  examined  by  both  IJussian  and  J'ngiish  iiavi 
gators.  The  interior  of  .Maska  is,  however,  com[)aratively  unknown. 
In  the  year  1841]  Lieutenant  Zagoskin,  of  the  liussian  navy,  visited, 
under  the  direction  of  the  IJussian  governnuMit,  the  legion  of  the  Jvvich- 
pak  (Yukon)  I'iver  and  made  extensive  explorations,  remaining  in  the 
country  about  two  years.  IFe  afterwards  i)ublished  a  book  (which  I 
believe  has  been  translated  into  German)  containing  the  results  of  his 
observations.  This  book  I  have  not  l)een  able  to  obtain,  and  conse- 
quently the  little  I  have  gathered  concerning  Lieutenant  Zagoskin's  ex- 
plorations has  been  derived  entirely  from  secondary  sources.  lie  trav 
eled  from  the  mouth  of  the  river  to  a  i)oint  a  little  above  Nulato,  the 
most  eastern  post  of  the  IJussian  company,  a  distance  from  the  sea  of 
about  six  hundred  miles.  His  book  Avas  almost  the  only  authority  con- 
cerning the  river,  until,  in  the  year  185"),  the  Western  Union  Telegrajdi 
Company  commenced  explorations  for  an  overland  telegraph  route,  in 
order,  by  a  cable  crossing  IJehring  Strait,  to  connect  the  eastern  and 
western  hemispheres.  This  enterprising  company  employed  several 
Ijundred  explorers  on  both  sides  of  the  Pacitic;  and  their  explorations 
in  the  northern  section  of  Itussian  America  have  added  greatly  to  our 
knowledge  of  this  ])arr  of  the  continent. 

It  is  said  that  tlie  honor  of  having  made  the  tivt^  journey  from  the 
western  coast  to  Fort  Yukon  belongs  to  Ivan  Simonsen  Lukeen,  an  em- 
ploye of  the  Russian  company  at  St.  Michael's,  who  sncceeded  in  reach- 
ing the  fort  in  the  summer  of  18G3 ;  but  the  information  thus  obtained 
was  not  made  public.  This  journej'  was  next  made,  in  the  summer  of 
18G6,  by  Messrs.  Ketchuni  and  Labarge,  of  the  telegraph  company. 
Up  to  this  time  the  Y'ukon  River  of  the  English  and  the  Kvichpak 
River  of  the  Russians  had  been  supposed  to  be  distinct  streams ;  and 
they  are  represented  on  quite  recent  maps,  the  former  emptying  into 
the  Arctic  Ocean  and  the  latter  into  Norton  Sound.  From  this  explo- 
ration we  tirst  learn  that  they  are  one  .'vnd  the  same  stream. 

In  the  winter  of  18C6-'G7,  these  adventurous  travelers  again  made  their 


8 


EECOXSIISSAXCE    OF   THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


way,  tliis  Time  on  th*'  ice,  to  Fort  Yukon,  and  in  the  lollowins:  .suninier 
jmslied  on  to  Foit  Jselkirk,  more  than  tour  hundred  niiles  farther  up  the 
river,  and  the  La«liMer*l  {wiint  y«'t  rea('he<l  Wy  <'\i»h)rers  IVoni  thr  coast. 
These  {^entleiufiEi  have  i>iil»Msh(.'d  no  aecount  of  thi'ir  adventures.  I 
liaVe,  however.  Iiuii«l  the  pUasure  of  travcilin^'  a  eonsidorable  distane**  ou 
the  S'ukon  Jliv-i-t  with  >[r.  ^lichael  Fiaharjiv.  Since  the  year  1S«;g  he 
lias  l»een  aluj<*>!t  «»n(>tanrly  upon  tlie  river,  and  is  well  inlornn-d  con- 
('ernin;i'  its  Toi*»*;:Taii».hy  and  tiic  manners  and  eustoins  of  the  native  tribes 
which  inhaldt  at.s  J)«jaks.  I  am  indebted  to  liim  ibr  a  hir;;-c  amuunt  of 
vabiablc  iuloniis-iiiti«o»n,  which  I  coidd  m>t  otlu'rwise  ha\e  obtained. 

The  next  exiorilition  np  the  river  to  Fort  Yukon  was  made  by  ^lessrs. 
Williaiii  II.  UiiiJS  iniwl  Frederick  Wliymper,  tlie  former  director  of  the 
scientilic  ^:^^^*>  **i  the  teU'^raplj  <'ompany.  the  hitter  likewise  an  olUcer 
of  tlie  conj]iain  .iict«l  un  artist.  In  tlu'  autumn  of  iSOi;  these  ]L;enth'iiH'U 
crosse<l  the  ]K'itai;».-  from  rnalacldeet  to  Nu  hi  to.  where  they  wintered, 
and  started  e,a-ily  m  the  spring'  of  18(i7  Ibr  Fort  Yukon.  Makin;;  tiieir 
way  Avith  <-o]j>i«l.-r.if>te  dilticulty  in  "baidarras,"  or  skin-boats,  they 
finally  reaclji-MS  iiBji»-ir  destirmtiou  in  the  latter  ])art  of  rinne.  after  travel- 
in^'  almost  c-^  '"  inrly.  day  and  nij;ht,  for  twenty-nine  days.  They 
remained  at  I  .:  iikon  for  af>out  two  weeks,  and  then,  rer-iiil>arkin^'  in 
their  li;;liT  lK«»i*->iii<Ered  down  the  river.  Trav<'lin;;' ni^lit  and  (hiy.  aud 
ai(U'd  by  tlje  raj»i«l  •iirient,  they  arri\'ed  at  St.  ."Micliaers  Island  alter  a 
Journey  of  tiiTtesr-aii  tLiiys  and  a  half,  which  Mr.  AN'liyiiiper  terms  a  mere 
lioliday  exeui-«D<i;»!D.  T»>  this  exploration  we  are  indebted  Ibr  a  lar<;e 
amount  of  i^eJiinl"!.'  information  eoncernin.i;'  the  Yukon.  In  is(i;t  ;Mr. 
\Vliymi»ei-  i>nlt]:i>-lii»tl  his  -Travels  in  Alaska  and  on  the  Yukon."  which 
y;ives  a  ]ile;i?<Jiiiiiir  ;i«;(ount.  accompanied  with  ex. 'client  illustrations  of 
this  and  othei' «-x5»Ioia.tions.  and  conveys  a.  clear  and  truthful  idea  of  the 
regions  AvhicL  n  oltrvrilies.  After  this  Journey,  .Mr.  Dall  remained  for 
more  tbau  a  yttir  am  the  low»'r  part  of  the  river,  lie  was  able  to  collect 
front  the  L*ussa;iiiin)*  a,nd  Kn-ilisli  a  vast  amoiuit  of  information,  ami  he 
seems  to  havi-  «-«>mbine«l  with  these  advantaji'cs  «4reat  energy  and  a 
s])eeial  litue*??  fwr  the  work.  In  1870  he  jurblished  a  large  volume, 
(Mititled  ••A]i;i>k.»  .tcid  its  iJesourees,"' which  is  lilled  with  intbrmatioii 
concerning  the  Tt-nritory,  gathered  not  otdy  from  his  own  experiences, 
but  from  eve ly  .>ther  available  source,  and  Avhich  v.  ill.  I  am  contident, 
long  remain  OHr  Iw^t  nuthority  on  many  points  of  interest  regarding 
Alaska. 

The  uitj^er  j^kiibmci  of  the  river,  between  Fort  Y'ukiai  and  Fort  Selkirk, 
has  been  known  for  imariy  years  to  the  traders  of  the  Hudson  IJay  Com- 
l)any.  Abov*-  \hK  hiifer  point  the  river  was  partially  ex[>lored  in  1S«»7 
by  Michael  lJyniiiteA.au  employi!  of  the  telegraph  company.  The  remain- 
ing portion  is  «o»iily  known  from  the  reports  of  Indians. 

In  the  sprimji  of  l-'^JO  it  was  thought  desirable  that  an  olHcer  should 
be  sent  to  Xorthtaatern  Alaska  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the 
geogra]»liical  |»«(ii#iKioBi  of  Fort  Yukon.  Having  oliered  my  services  in  the 
performance  id  thiif  duty.  I  was  ordered  to  report  ^o  .^lajor  (leneral  II. 
W.  Halleck.  tlkieiui  •-oniimaiuling  the  Military  Division  of  the  I'acitic,  and 
1  received  iixmi  him  theorderand  instructions  which  are  ])retixe«l  to  this 
report. 

In  this  place  it  s<i*m.s  [u-oper  that  I  should  brictiy  state  the  eircuni- 
stanees  wiiieh  3<e«l  to  the  expediticm, 

Ftut  Y'ukon.  ^stnikted  at  the  most  northerly  point  of  the  Y'ukou  Eiver, 
had  been  foi  ih*-  i»^i^z  twenty  years  the  extrenu?  western  trading-statiou 
of  the  Huds<»3i  liiiy  <'om[>any.  It  was  supposed  to  be  west  of  the 
bcmndary  l«-tw«-*-M  Kassian  and  Ibitish  America,  (although  its  position 


/■      V 


rj;M:'^ 


KECONNAISSAXCK    OF   THE    YUKON    KIVKR. 


9 


/ 


V 


had  iM'Vcr  Im'cii  th-linitcly  ascritaiiMMl,)  iuid  its  cstahlislinioiit  was  tliore- 
tbiv  <".)ntraiy  t()  the  tcrnis  of  a  treaty  cxistiiiji'  hetweeii  the  Ifiissiaii  iirid 
En<;iish  .i;»»\('riiiiieiits.  The  tiiuh'is  (»!"  the  IJiissiaii  (-(mipMiy  had,  h(»\v- 
ever,  with  one  exception,  iieNci'  aseeixh'd  the  riNcr  heyoiid  a  jKiiiit  sev- 
eral hundred  luih's  h('h>w  the  post,  and  seem  to  ha\'e  had  no  disposition 
to  object  to  this  iin  asion  of  rij-hts  which  they  did  not  <lesire  to  enjoy. 
Nevertlieiess,  this  jiosL  was  tlie  occasion  of  ^icat  loss  to  t lie  liUssian 
company;  for  upon  the  op«'nin,u"  of  the  Yukon  in  the  spriii*;',  the  enter- 
prisin,!:;'  and  enerjictic  Scotchmen  of  the  station  were  accnst(»med  to 
di'scend  the  river  for  some  three  hundred  miles  to  a  stati(»n  called 
Xucliicayette,  where  they  met  the  assenddcd  Indian  trii>es,  and  ]>nr- 
chased  their  stoics  oi'  winter  skins,  l»ef(»re  the  tardy  Russians.  delay<'(l 
i>y  current  and  ice,  coidd  arrive^  at  the  tradin,n  ,nr(»und. 

The  retirement  of  the  JJussian  .\merican  ('(»nii)any.  conse(pu'nt  upon 
the  transfer  of  the  tcrrittu'y  to  the  I'nited  Slates,  inauiiuraled  a  new 
order  of  tliin;;s.  Inniiediatelx  several  American  companies  located 
snudl  establishments  upon  the  river  and  near  the  coast,  and  one  com- 
pany sent  up  the  1  i\cra  small  party,  which  succeedccl  after  ureat  elforts 
in  reachin;;  a  poin;  near  Nuclucaxctte.  and  winteied  opposite  the  nmuth 
ol'  the  .ureat  Tauana. 

In  the  foll<»winj;sprin,n,  when  the  traders  of  th"  Hudson  15ay  i'omiiany 
|)aid  tiu'ir  aniiiml  visit  to  Nucliicayette,  t'si 'r  ri^^lit  to  trade  in  the 
*•  Indian  country  "  of  the  I'nited  Slates  was  ti'^ely  contested,  and  they 
were  informed  by  the  Americans  that  any  futuii'  altemi)t  to  purchase 
skins  within  our  territory  would  be  resisted,  if  iiecessary,  by  lorce. 

In  the  spiiii^-of  l.SOi),  a  new  xcntiire  '.:  s  projecled  by  capitalists  in 
Han  Francisco.  It  was  projiosed  to  transiiort  a  small  steamer  upon  the 
dock  of  a  sailii!;4-\('ssel  to  sonu'  jioint  near  the  i;;outli  f)f  the  river,  and, 
launching'  it,  to  ascend,  if  [lossible,  as  far  as  ^^)rt  Yukon,  tradiiii;'  alon^' 
tlie  banks.  In  connection  with  this  ent"r})rise  it  was  rej^arded  as  ex- 
tremely desirable  that  the  ipiestion  of  IjUiilish  ii,<;lit  to  trade  in  this 
portion  of  our  t«'rritory  should  be  delinitely  scttleil;  and  as  the  re,nion 
in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Yukon  was  supposed  to  bt^  ix'cnliarly  ricli  in 
fiirs,it  Avas  also  desired  that  the  positicm  of  this  post  should  be  olhcially 
<letermined,  and.  if  it  was  found  to  i)e  within  the  Territory  (tf  the  I'nited 
States,  that  jueasiires  should  be  taken  to  cause  its  abamlonmeut  by  the 
Enfi'lish  company. 

Tlie  duties  with  which  I  was  chariicd  by  (ieiieral  Ilalleck's  letter  of 
instructions  are  as  follows: 

1.  To  determine  the  hititude  and  longitude  of  I'ort  Yukon. 

2.  To  ascertain  and  report  upon  the  amount  of  trade  carried  (Ui  by  the 
Hudson  Bay  ('oin[)aiiy  within  our  territory,  re[)ortin<;'  moriu'ni'tieularly 
upon  the  (juantity  of  ^oods  brought  by  them  from  IJritish  territory. 

o.  To  obtain  as  miicli  information  as  practicable  concerning'  the  re- 
sources of  the  Y'ukoii  ami  its  tributaries,  and  with  regard  to  the  num- 
ber and  disposition  of  the  native  tribes  in  its  vicinity. 

4.  To  report  upon  the  number  and  condition  of  the;  public  buildin},'S 
at  jMieliaelovski,  (Redoubt  St.  Miehaers.) 

The  obstacles  encountered  in  makiii,i>'  the  re([uireil  astronomical  ob- 
servations, and  the  means  by  which  they  were  ibrtunately  overcome,  will 
be  referred  to  in  the  [)roper  jdace. 

The  collection  of  general  information  was  a  matter  of  considerable 
diftieulty.  The  Ifussians  had  retired  from  this  jiart  of  the  Territory, 
and  tiie  experience  of  the  American  tra'crs  was  for  the  most  part  ex- 
tremely limited.     The  chief  trader  was  also  unfortunately  absent  from 


10 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


Fort  Yukon,  his  i)lrtce  beinj;-  lilled  by  an  officer  but  lately  arrived,  and 
consequently  unable  to  give  much  information. 

The  measure  of  success  which  has  attended  my  efforts  to  carry  out 
my  instructions  will  be  shown  by  the  following  chapters. 

'in  the  arrangement  of  this  report  the  following  system  has  been 
adopted : 

The  report  is  divided  into  two  parts  and  is  accompanied  by  four  ap- 
l>endixes. 

Part  1  is  the  "  (ieneral  Keport."  It  is  divided  into  five  chai)ters,  as  fol- 
lows : 

Chapter  I.  Narrative  of  the  expedition. 

Chapter  II.  Description  of  the  river  and  adjacent  country. 

Chapter  \U.  The  native  tribes, 

(Chapter  IV.  Trade  of  Hudson  liay  Company— Buildings. 

Chapter  V.  Resources  of  the  country. 

I'art  II  contains  a  description  of  the  various  observations  made  in 
the  held,  the  methods  employed  in  their  reduction,  and  the  results  ob- 
tained.    It  is  divided  into  four  chapters,  as  follows:  , 

Chapter  !.  Astronomical  determinations. 

Chapter  II.  ^Magnetic  observations. 

Chapter  HI.  IVleteorological  observations — Altitude  of  Fort  Yukon. 

Chapter  IV.  The  map. 

The  ap])endixes  are  distinguished  by  the  letters  A,  15,  C,  and  I). 

Appendix  A  contains  a  large  portion  of  the  astronomical  record,  and 
such  of  tiie  comi)utations,  in  a.  condensed  form,  as  have  been  thought 
nec(\ssary  to  indicate  clearly  the  methods  followed. 

A])])endix  11  contains  the  entire  record  and  reduction  of  magnetic 
o])servations. 

Ai)i)endix  C  contains  the  meteorological  record  and  thi'  comi)utation 
of  the  altitude  of  Fort  Yukon. 

Ap])endix  D  contains  a  table  of  distances  on  the  Yukon  IJiver. 

A  map  of  the  Yukon  IJiver,  from  Fort  Yukon  to  tlie  sea,  accompanies 
this  report. 


4i^"-') 


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y 


f^ 


1  >  ^V  li  T     I . 


GENERAL     UEIM)RT. 


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fmm.'t^itiimtimmmmmmm-- 


.■M 


\ 


GENERAL   REPORT. 


CHAPTKE    I. 


NAlUiATIVK  OF  THE  EXPi:i>ITl()X, 


On  the  Gtli  day  of  April,  1800,  af'Com])anit;'d  by  Mr.  .loliii  J.  Major, 
my  assistant,  1  sailed  from  the  harbor  of  San  Francisco,  on  the  brij? 
.  Commodore,  bonnd  for  the  ])ort  of  Sitka.  This  vessel  was  to  transport 
the  employes  and  sn])j)lies  of  a  new  trading  company  to  St.  ^Michael's 
Island,  in  Xorton  Sonnd,  and  she  carried  npon  her  deck  a  small  stern- 
wheel  steamer,  abont  fifty  feet  in  lenjith,  entitled  the  Ynkon,  which  was 
to  attempt  the  ascent  of  the  j^reat  Kvichpak  or  Yidcon  River. 

"We  airived  at  Sitka  on  the  l.'4th  day  of  April,  after  an  uneventfid 
voyage  of  eiohteen  days.  We  remained  here  two  weeks,  and  during 
this  time,  although  the  weather  was  generally  unfavorable,  we  succeeded 
in  obtaining  a  few  obi-ervations  to  determine  the  errors  of  the  chronom- 
eters. / 

At  this  point  private  3Ii(thael  Foley.  Ninth  United  States  Infantry, 
joined  my  i)arty,  being  ordered  to  report  to  uio  for  duty  by  Brevet  ^lajor 
CJeneral  Davis  commauding  the  department.  lie  accompanied  me  during 
the  remainder  of  the  expedition. 

On  the  !)th  day  of  ]\ray  we  sailed  from  the  harbor  of  Sitka,  ami  after 
II  stormy  voyage  of  twelve  days  we  arrived  at  Ouualaska  Harbor,  in 
the  Aleutian  Islands.  The  circumstances  of  the  exi)edition  detained  us 
here  for  about  two  weeks,  and  during  this  time  the  chron  )meter  error 
was  determined  on  several  occasions. 

We  sailed  from  the  harl)or  of  Ounalaska  on  the  8th  day  of  dune,  e\- 
l)ecting  to  arrive  at  St.  ^Michael's  Island  in  about  a  week.  The  weather 
was,  h(> we ver,  generally  unfavorable,  and  on  the  I'lth  we  encountered 
extensive  fields  of  ice,  which  had  been  detached  and  driven  off  from  the 
northern  coast.  To  escai)e  tliis  danger  avc  were  compelled  to  turn  back 
several  times  and  linally  to  make  considerable  easting  in  order  to  i)ass 
between  the  ice-fields  and  the  coast.  ]\[uch  delayed  l)y  these  obstacles, 
and  also  by  a  severe  northwestern  gale  which  lasted  for  several  days, 
Ave  arrived  finally  at  St.  .AIi<'haers  Island,  on  the  2!Hh  day  of  June,  after 
a,  A'oyage  of  twenty-four  days. 

I  shall  describe  this  island  in  anoth(»r  cha]>ter.  It  is  sulficient  to  say 
here  that,  although  the  anchorage  is  entirely  open,  the  island  covers  it 
from  most  of  the  i)revailing  winds,  and  it  is  the  nearest  position  to  the 
months  of  the  Yukon  at  which  a  vessel  can  lie  with  safety. 

We  remained  at  Sc.  INlichaers  Island  four  days,  making  tiie  necessary 
I)reparations  for  our  journey  nj)  the  river.  On  the  1st  of  July  the  little 
,steamer  Ynkon  was  successfully  launched,  and  a  short  trial-trip  gave 
excellent  results.  Sextant  observations  for  the  determination  of  time 
were  nuide  at  this  station.  I  left  here  a  set  of  meteorological  instru- 
ments, with  whi(!h  Ca])tain  Iviedell.  the  chief  trader  of  the  station,  kindly 
volnnteered  to  observe. 

Having  obtained  two  large  ojkmi  boats,  which' we  loaded  with  su])plies 
and  trading  goods,  and  having  constructed  a  small  rough  pilot  house 
upon  the  steamer's  deck,  we  were  prei>ared  for  departure.    Early  on  the 


H9WS 


■WfH 


mim 


14 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE   YUKON   RIVER. 


morniDg  of  the  4th  of  July,  taking  our  boats  in  tow,  with  flags  flying- 
ami  guns  firing,  we  started  on  our  voyage  to  the  upper  mouth  of  the 
great  river.  Our  party  was  composed  as  follows :  Captain  13enjamiu 
llall.  master ;  John  E.  Forbes,  engineer ;  Frederick  M.  Smith,  superin- 
tenileut;  Ferdinand  "Westdahl,  chief  trader;  Michael  Labarge,  chief 
trader ;  John  Godfrey,  trader ;  Robert  Bird,  trader ;  Lewis  IJ.  Parrott* 
l>asseuger;  Captain  Charles  W.  Raymond,  John  J.  Major,  Michael 
Foley,  and  two  laborers.  Our  course  lay  through  the  narrow  channel 
which  separates  the  island  from  the  main-land  and  along  the  coast  for 
about  seventj-  miles.  We  accomplished  this  jiortion  of  our  journey 
without  much  ditlicult}-,  although  our  little  vessel  was  hardly  fitted  for 
this  sfj»rt  of  navigation,  and  early  on  the  morning  of  July  ~)  we  entered 
the  upper  mouth  of  the  Yukon  River. 

A  native,  well  ac(|uainted  with  the  lower  p<ntion  of  the  river,  had 
iK-euengagcil  at  St.  ^lichael's,  and  under  his  guidance  we  groped  our 
way  among  the  ishmds  and  shoals,  occasionally  grounding  or  turning 
back  to  seek  a  more  favorable  channel.  As  there  was  a  bright  twilig'it 
during  the  short  tinu^  that  the  sun  was  below  the  hori/on  we  traveled 
night  and  day.  only  stoppiiigoccasionally  to  obtain  wood  or  toi)urcliase 
a  few  skins  or  a  little  game  at  sonn;  native  village.  Onr  a])in'oach  was 
usually  the  »H'casion  of  considerable  excitement.  As  we  drew  near  a 
village.  w«'  were  accustomed  to  herald  onr  eoniiiig  I)y  a  vigorous  sound- 
ing of  th»'  whistle.  an«l  this  was  usually  followed  by  a  general  stampede 
of  men.  women,  children,  and  dogs.  Onr  little  steamer,  v.liic'i,  putiling 
about  the  bay  of  San  Francisco,  bad  seemed  a  mere  toy.  ai)|>eai'ed  to 
them  a  huge  monster,  breathing  tire  and  smoke.  Curiosity  would, 
however,  bring  tlie  more  daring  ones  to  the  river's  bank.  and.  having 
won  their  contideiice  by  a  tew  Judicious  jiresents,  we  would  soon  (ind 
our  boat  surnuuided  by  ;i  score  or  two  of  noisy  and  excited  nati\es. 
These  jtetiple.  ;ind  tlie  natives  of  tlie  country  generally,  w  ill  form  the  -ub- 
ject  oi  a  sul>se<|nent  cliiipter. 

Throughout  the  trip  I  alternated  with  Mr.  .Alnjor  in  taking  notes  and 
bearings,  from  whi<'h  to  coiistrnct  a  mil]*  of  the  river,  and  we  employed 
every  o}»ptutunity  to  make  observations  on  shore.  We  found  tiiis  duty 
somewhat  severe,  as  it  had  to  be  t-ontinned  throughout  both  da\'  and 
night:  and  onr  accommodations  were  so  limited  that  it  was  ol'ten  im- 
possible lo  obtain  a  place  in  \vhi»;h  to  sleep  wlnii  mit  at  work'.  \\'e  per- 
severed, howevc'r,  and  the  map  which  1  have  the  pleasure  to  submit  with 
'thi>  report  is  the  resnli. 

The  swarms  of  mos(iiuto<'s  and  gn;,ts  which  abounil  on  the  liver  ilur- 
ing  the  months  of  .rune  and  »luly  proved  a  very  serious  annoyance. 
AVhen  the  b«»at  was  not  in  motion  we  were  obliged  t«)  weiir  face  nets  and 
gloves:  and  on  one  occasion  an  attenii>t  to  make  sextant  observati<ais 
tailed  completely  from  this  cause.  The  mosfpiitoe.  are  much  largci'  but 
I  think  not  so  active  as  those  nu't  with  in  lower  latitudes.  The  gnals  or 
sandflies  are  veiy  troublesome,  and  so  small  that  a  net  is  no  protection 
from  them. 

Two  or  three  times  a  day  the  steanu'r  stojtped  to  obtain  wood.  This 
was  ustudly  cut  from  drift-tindter,  which  is  i)iled  in  large  heaps  at  short 
intervals  along  the  liver,  where  it  collects  in  the  spring.  Occasioindly 
in  the  latterpart  of  the  Journey  we  wen^  obliged  to  (uit  standing  timber. 

On  the  li*th  of  -Inly  we  airived  at  Auvie,  a  small  native  village  sit- 
uated at  the  mouth  of  the  Anvic  River.  Ilere  we  sto|)ped  two  days, 
and  established  a  trading-station,  leavinji  IJird  temporarily  in  charge  of 
it.     At  this  jdace  we  obtained  a  variety  of  observations. 

We  left  Anvic  on  the  I4th.    About  twenty  miles  above,  the  river  u-r- 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF   THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


15 


rows  and  the  current  runs  with  great  velocity.  Doubts  hart  been 
expressed  as  to  the  possibility  of  our  passing  this  point.  By  skillful 
management,  however,  this  obstacle  was  overcome  without  serious  rtifti- 
culty.  At  the  request  of  the  entire  party,  1  have  given  this  place  the 
name  of  "  Hall's  Kapids,"  in  honor  of  Captain  Benjamin  Hall,  who  thus 
first  passed  this  point  w'ith  a  steamer.  This  is  the  only  name  which 
has  been  left  by  my  expedition  in  the  territory. 

We  arrived  at  Xulato  on  the  19th.  This  was  once  the  easternmost 
station  of  the  Itussian  company ;  but  at  the  tinui  of  our  visit  it  had 
been  abandoneil.  We  stopped  here  two  days.  A  trading-station  was 
established,  and  a  few  observations  were  obtained. 

Leaving  Nulato  on  the  10th,  we  arrived  at  Fort  Adams  on  the  22d. 
This  station  is  near  the  mouth  of  the  Tanana  River,  the  most  important 
tributary  of  the  Yukon,  and  was  at  this  time  the  easternmost  station 
ever  established  on  the  river  from  the  western  coast.  Shortly  before 
our  arrival  at  this  place  we  met  two  traders,  liobert  find  ^Moses,  Cana- 
dian Frenchmen  and  friends  of  Labarge,  who  were  slowly  making  their 
way  down  the  river  iu  a  rudely  constructed  boat.  They  were  imme- 
<liate!y  engaged  l>y  the  superintendent  of  the  company;  and  Labarge 
started  r>n  a  canoe  Journey  down  the  river  lor  a  tempoiary  visit  to  8t. 
^lichacl's. 

Our  party  remaiiu'd  at  l\»rt  Adams  two  days,  landing  sii])j>lies  and 
making  necessary  re])airs;  and  licrc  a  variety  of  observations  wi-re  ob- 
tained. 

We  left  Fort  Atlams  on  the  I'ttli.  About  seventeen  miles  above  the 
station,  we  i»assetl  Xiiehieayetteand  the  month  oftlie  TaiujUii  Iviver.  the 
waters  of  which  increase  the  current  ot  the  Yukon  for  a  eoiisiderable 
distance.  From  this  point  the  river  gradually  narrows,  and  its  banks 
increase  in  height:  and  we  l(>arned,  from  these  iiKlications. tliiit  we  were, 
gradually  ap[»i'oaehing  tli(>  IJampart  3Iountains.  and  the  lapids.  of  wliosi^ 
dangers  we  liad  heard  so  niueli  from  the  nati\ cs  below.  About  no(»n  on 
tiie  'J~>\\i  we  ;irriv(d  at  the  entrance  of  these  rapids,  iind,  altei'  taking  on 
a  good  sup[»ly  (»l"  wood,  we  i>assed  tlirougli  tiK'ui  witliout  great  dilli- 
cnlty.  although  the  channel  is  nanow  and  the  current  i  itns  with  great 
rapidity. 

After  passing  this  point.  W(  met  with  no  further  obstiicles.  althou.u' 
the  shidlowness  of  the  upper  p(.rli(Ui  of  the  river,  and  the  great  velocity 
of  rh«'  curi'cnt  in  many  phices,  rendered  our  Vv)yaging  extremely  slow. 

On  the  'Mst  of  ,Iu!y.  at  4  p.  ni.,  we  arrived  at  Fort  Yukon,  thus  suc- 
cessfully terminating  the  lirst  Journey  by  steam  evt'r  made  on  the  Yu- 
kon IJiver.  The  time  of  actual  travel,  including  stoppages  tor  wood, 
was  twenty-three  days,  juid  the  distance  passed  over  about  one  thou- 
sand and  forty  sintute  niiles. 

At  Fort  Yukon,  iiotwjinstanding  the  sununvhat  uni>leasant  character 
of  our  errand,  we  were  cmdially  welcomed  by  ]Mr.  John  Wilson,  the 
agent  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Com)»any  at  the  station,  and  by  the  Bev.  31r. 
Bnnipus,  a  missionary  of  the  Church  of  England,  lately  airived  from 
Fort  .Simpson,  on  the  ]Macken/ie  Kiver.  yiv.  Major  and  I  weresi)eedily 
established  in  one  of  the  comfortable  log  buildings  which  cianpose  the 
fort,  Avhile  the  renmin<ler  of  the  party  were  domiciled  in  the  steumer  or 
eiK-amped  on  the  shore  near  by. 

As  the  river  was  rapidly  falling,  it  was  necessary  that  the  steanuM' 
should  start  on  her  seaward  journey  as  soon  as  possible,  and  1  vas,  of 
<'<airse,  anxious  to  make  an  a]>proxinmte  determination  of  our  geograph- 
ical position  without  delay,  in  order  that  my  companions  might  make 
their  arrangements  accordingly,  and  carry  back  the  intbrmation  to  the 


■a'i'NMtJMMM 


iMi 


WFt^ 


B 


16 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF    TFIE    YUKON    RIVER. 


coast.  A  Wd'n'-k  of  uutavoiiibli'  weather  entirely  i)revente«l  us  froui  ob- 
tainiiijr  suatsiWe  observations;  but  on  the  7th  of  Au<?ust  we  obtained  a 
good  obst-ivatiow  of  the  sohu'  eclipse,  from  which  we  were  able  to  com- 
pute an  a|»|itri»xtQuite  longitude,  sutliciently  accurate  to  set  at  rest  the 
question  M  i^s^iie,  and  int'orm  our  traders  that  they  were  in  American 
territory. 

It  swms  |»r«»|xe^r  to  say,  in  this  connection,  that  by  (leneral  Ilalleck's 
]>ermissio3ii  1  had  consented  temporarily  to  represent  the  Treasury  De- 
]>artnient.  rtatd  under  the  instructions  of  that  I>ei)artment,  on  the  !>th  of 
Aujjust,  M  12  UK,  I  notitied  the  representative  of  the  Hudson  Bay  ('om- 
pany  tli;n  tlit'-  stutiou  is  in  the  territory  of  the  United  States ;  that  the 
introduc-nou  of  trading'  j;oods,  or  any  trade  l>y  foreigners  with  the  natives, 
is  ille.ual.  ami  nuist  cease;  and  that  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  must 
vacate  ihe  loMtMin^rs  as  soon  as  practicable.  1  then  took  possession  ot 
the  bnildiiii^'>  and  raiseil  the  1la<»' of  the  United  States  over  the  fort. 

Early  on  ihn"-  taornin.u-  of  August  10  the  steamer  started  on  her  return 
tri])  down  jlie  rtvcr.  leaving  ]\Ir.  AVestdahl  and  ^NFoses  in  charge  of  the 
tra<ling-sTaitiou  which  had  been  established  at  the  fort.  1  also  remained, 
with  ]Mr.  Major  and  I'rivate  Foley,  in  order  to  obtain  observations  for 
more  accnraite"  determinations.  The  nights  were  so  light  as  to  greatly 
embarrass  astronomical  observations,  and  I  desired,  therefore,  to  renniin 
as  long  as  jwiiiSsiWe. 

In  the  latter  part  of  August  the  river  (commenced  falling  rapidly. 
This.  We  |i»n-.>»iiui;ed.  was  occasioned  by  the  freezing  of  the  tributaries  near 
their  sonnies,  and  it  was  regarded  as  an  indication  that  the  season  was 
near  its  cIhus**-.  We  reluctantly  <lecided  that  it  Avould  be  unsafe  to  delay 
our  deivariinBn"  longer,  and  nuide  our  arrangements  to  leave  the  fort 
early  «»n  thv  -Tth. 

I  was  .HBXBOBiis  to  employ  the  bark  canoes  of  the  country  for  our  Jour- 
ney, as  ilin-y  are  considered  by  far  the  best  l)oats  for  this  sort  of  travel, 
and  tlli^  oj»!iuioH  is  confirmed  by  my  subsecpient  expei'ience;  but  nont^ 
could  1h*  olittahiitH^l.  The  ingenuity  of  Moses  !nid,  however,  devised 
and.  witJi  ojir  assistance,  constructed  a  small  skitf  t)f  well-seasoned 
timl>cr  sjiwiii  from  s[uuce  drift-logs.  She  was  calked  with  rags,  and 
linally  cixMn'^l  tBiickly  with  pitch.     Moses  called  her  the  "Eclipse." 

On  tlie  rvenHttg  of  the  L'Oth  she  was  completed,  and  we  placed  her  in 
the  waier.  Ifasneuiug  her  with  a  strip  of  nujose-hide.  On  the  next  day 
we  intciidttl  to  dismantle  our  observatory,  and  toward  evening  begin 
oni' jonrmy.  lint  in  the  morning  we  discovered  that  the  hungry  dogs 
of  the  sTaiaoti  had  eaten  the  jiu)ose-skin  fastening,  ami  our  boat  had 
started  o^  on  an  independent  voyage  to  the  coast.  A  i>ursuit  was  im- 
mediately amisKBtnted,  ami  toward  evening  the  i)arty  returned,  bringing 
with  theiii  lEie  Eclipse,  in  a  somewhat  dilapidated  comlition.  In  excuse 
for  the  -.'t'^Sv  it  o'aoidd  be  added  that  they  are  fed  but  once  a  week 
during  the  sBuumer. 

Tivis  lijtk-  amdent  was  the  occasion  of  some  delay ;  but  on  the  28th 
of  .Vngust,  at  4  p.  ui.,  we  finally  left  the  fort.  The  i)arty  t'onsisted  of 
]Mr.  Major.  l*rBvate  Foley,  and  myself,  and  two  natives,  who  had  been 
brought  uj»  fr\>Ba  Xuhito,  and  were  to  accompany  us  as  far  as  that  place. 
AVe  wert^  oWe^hI  to  leave  our  observatory  tents  and  some  of  our  instru- 
ments, to  l»e  stent  down  at  the  first  convenient  opportnnity.  We  took 
with  us,  h">vrever,  a  small  .V  tent,  which  had  been  used  as  a  magnetic 
obscr\»ator\  ,  For  provisions  we  had  a  ham,  a  small  piece  of  bacon,  and 
a  little  harcUaek,  and  about  twenty-five  pounds  of  '"  nn)ose  pemmican," 
a  very  s»*aT*i»nal>le  present  from  Mr.  Wilson.  This  pemmicau  is  an  arti- 
cle of  ix>usiiterable  importance  amrng  the  traders  of  the  Hudson  Bay 


RKCOXXAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


17 


Coinpsmy,  and  well  dosorves  a  doscriptioii.  3Ioo.se  (or  any  otlior)  meat 
is  carefully  and  tliorou^'ldy  dried  in  the  sun,  and  then  i)()uiuled  to  a 
powder.  Tlie  sinews  haviii;;'  l)een  picked  out,  it  is  ])laced  in  a  tijj^lit 
buckskin  ha.u',  and  boilini;'  I'at  is  ])tjnred  on  it.  ^larrvjw  is  preferrol. 
The  hi\<>;  is  then  tasten(Mland])ressed  witli  a  heavy  weiu'lit.  In  cookin;^' 
it,  a  small  [jortion  is  ]»laced  w'tli  a  little  water  in  a  l'ryin,u'-])an  over  a 
brijiiit  tire,  and  a  little  salt  is  added  when  it  can  be  obtaim^d.*  I>y  ;d)- 
sorbin,u'  Avater  it  increases  to  at  least  twice  its  former  bulk,  and  a  hand- 
ful will  make  a  hearty  nu^d  for  one  man.  AVhen  ])ro]>erly  prei)ared,  it 
iias  an  a.L:,reeable  taste.  We  found  it  admirably  adai)ted  to  i»ersons 
workinf;'  Jiard  and  recjuirin^i,'  stron.u'  food.  In  addition  to  the  ])rovisions 
mentioiuMl  ^\^^  had  a  su[iply  of  tea,  the  universal  drink  (»i'  travelei's  of 
every  description  in  this  country. 

Our  journey  down  the  river  was  too  monotonous  to  retpiire  much  de- 
scription. A\'e  lelt  the  necessity  of  tra\'elin,<i,'  with  rai)idity,  and  unless 
the  weather  was  unfavorable  ^^■e  were  at  the  oars  from  sunrise  until  it 
became  too  dark  to  proceed  Avith  safety.  AVe  then  landed  and  went 
into  camp  for  the  iii.i^ht.  AVhen  the  wind  was  fa\'orable  a  small  sail 
which  Mr.  ^Vcstdahl  had  ri;n',i;-ed  lor  us  ]»roved  of  material  assistance. 
We  were  occasionally  compelled  to  laml  to  r<'pair  our  boat,  which  it 
was  almost  impossible  to  keep  reasonaltly  ti.uiit,  and  we  were  much 
delayed  l»y  this  cause.  I'assin.i;'  throu^i;]i  the  Kamparts  we  saw  a  ,i;'ood 
many  moose.  Pearly  on  the  mornin.i;'  of  Sei>tember  .">,  we  entered  the 
rapids.  They  vrere  covered  with  a  dense  white  fo.u,',  but  this  lifted 
before  we  came  to  the  nu^st  dangerous  part,  and  wc  were  enabled  to 
pass  in  safety.  About  7  j).  m.  on  the  same  day  we  arrived  at  Fort 
Adams. 

We  fonnd  Ivobert  alone  in  chai'.u'c  of  the  station.  He  inlbrmed  us 
that  the  steamer  had  come  (hnvn  from  Fort  Yukon  to  this  point  in  one 
<l(ti/.  l>ein,i;-,  of  course,  obli^ved  to  run  ahead  of  the  current,  she  had 
lescended  with  ,ureat  rapidity.  I'rom  this  ])i)int  the  Journey  up  the 
river  Imd  consumed  seven  da.s.-i.  AVe  remained  here  until  the  e\  eniny' 
of  the  next  day,  as  our  boat  was  sadly  in  need  of  repairs. 

ITavin,!;'  (»btained  a  supply  of  provisions,  we  a.uain  started,  and,  after 
tra\'elin<;'  four  th\\:\  and  a  half,  arrived  at  Xulatoal>out  noon  on  the  Sth. 
Here  we  expected  to  find  Anu'rican  traders,  and  also  to  obtain  a  ji'ood 
boat:  but  no  boat  could  be  ]»rocure(l,  and  the  traders  had  fione  to  ^t, 
3richacrs,  leaving'  the  station  in  (.'har.i;'e  of  a  nati\e.  Our  Jndians  could 
not  be  persuaded  to  accomi)any  us  farther,  nor  could  others  be  obtained, 
and,  iifter  a  delay  of  an  hour  or  two.  we  started  a.uain,  somewhat  dis- 
consolately, in  our  battered  and  leaky  boat,  with  our  force  seriously 
weakened,  and  the  most  laborious  part  of  our  journey  still  before  us. 

On  the  JL'th,  at  about  t  p.  m.,  a  sudden  turn  brou.uht  us  to  Hall's 
Kapids.  A  strong  breeze  blowing  against  the  current  made  this  jtortiou 
of  the  river  very  rough.  ^Suddenly,  and  almost  without  notice,  our 
l)oat  was  swept  into  the  ra])ids,  and  it  was  only  by  great  exertions  that 
we  were  al>le  to  reach  the  shore  in  safety.  This  last  trial  was  almost 
too  much  for  the  Eclii>se.  She  was  uow  very  nearly  a  wreck.  Never- 
theless, not  being  in  a  condition  to  choose,  we  rechnbarked  early  the 
next  morning,  one  man  bailing  and  the  two  others  at  the  oars,  and, 
swiftly  jiassing  the  rapids,  worked  our  way  slowly  down  the  ri\er.  At 
t  p.  ni.  we  pulled  the  Eclipse,  uow  thoroughly  useless,  u])on  the  shore 
Jiear  Anvic,  where  1  presume  she  still  leniains,  uidess  the  process  of 
disintegration  has  at  length  been  completed. 

At  Anvic  we  found  Mr.  John  Clark  iu  charge  of  the  station,  and  also 
our  old  friends,  John  Godfrey  and  Kobert  Bird,  the  trappers.    We  en- 
S.  Ex.  12 2 


mm 


am 


r-mr 


18 


KEC0X^•AIs.•^A^"Cl:  of  tiil  yukon  riveu. 


(loavorcd  to  obtain  lioro  oiio  of  the  lai.uc  iiati\o  soal-skiii  l>oats.  calh'd 
"baidanas,"  ami  soiiu'  Indians;  but  ibc  season  Avas  so  I'ar  adwuK-cd 
that  the  natives  were  afraid  to  atteini>t  the  .journey  down  tlic  rixer  and 
ah)uj>'  tlie  eoast,  a  state  of  alfairs  wbich  '^■y\i'  us  not  a  little  anxiety. 
On  (juestioninji'  the  ohi  eliief  of  tin-  villa.uc,  lio\ve\t'r,  1  ascertained 
that  the  Indians  are  aeeustonied  occasionally,  in  the  summer,  to  ascend 
the  Auvic  IJiver,  (which,  at  sonu'  <listance  Irom  the  Yukon,  makes  a 
j>Tcat  bend  toward  the  coast.)  to  a  point  near  its  head-waters,  and  cross 
by  a  tolerable  portaji'e  to  the  native  village  of  Ikikiktoik,  situated  on 
Norton  Sound,  aljont  eighteen  miles  north  of  St.  ]\Iichaers  Island.  But 
it  was  feared  that  an  ascent  of  tlie  river  would  prove  im])racticable  so 
late  in  the  season  :  and  3[r.  Clark,  being  a  new-comer  to  tins  ])art  of  the 
country,  was  nnable  to  advise  me,  altbougli  la;  promptly  volunteered 
to  accom])any  me  if  I  should  decide  to  nuike  the  attempt.  This  being 
a[)itarently  the  only  avenue  of  escape,  I  did  not  hesitate  long.  ]Mr.  Clark 
went  energetically  to  work,  iuid  in  a  few  hours  had  procured  si.x  birch- 
bark  canoes  and  a  sufhcient  number  of  Indians. 

At  i  p.  m.  on  the  llth  avc  left  Anvic.  Our  journey  up  the  river  was 
extremely  sIom  .  AVe  were  obliged  to  ^wh'  the  canoes  all  the  way.  on 
account  of  the  shallowness  of  the  uater  and  tlu'  great  rapidity  of  the 
current.  AVe  were  somewhat  delayed  l)y  frequent  injuries  to  our  l»oats: 
but  the  bircli-l)ark  canoe  is  easily  and  (piickly  repaired.  Our  Indians, 
not  fancying  hard  Avork,  were  often  quite  anxious  to  leave  our  service, 
in  most  cases  taking  an  informal  dei>arture  during  the  night ;  but  Ave 
managed  to  keep  our  force  pretty  well  recruited  by  a  system  of  mild 
conscription  ori  the  native  villages  along  the  river. 

On  the  evening  of  the  14th  Ave  nmde  an  unpleasant  discover}".  The 
larger  ]»ortion  of  our  provisions,  Avhich  Ave  supposed  safely  packed  in 
one  of  the  canoes.  ha<l  been  left  behiml.  An  Indian  Avas  immediately 
.sent  back  to  Anvic.  with  a  note  from  31  r.  Clark,  directing  I>ird  to  send 
us  supplies  for  fiA  e  days.  Our  messenger  overtook  us  on  the  evening 
of  the  next  day.  He  brought  a  note  from  liird.  saying  that  he  could 
m)t  make  out  Mr.  Clark's  ••handwrite,"  but  he  presumed  Ave  Avanted 
something  to  eat.  The  provisions  accompanying  this  epistle  consisted 
of  about  sui'licient  hard-tack  for  a  single  meal,  Avhich  Ave  i)roceeded  to 
eat  upon  the  spot,  nmking  up  our  mimls  to  live  upon  the  country  there- 
after.    Fortunatelv  Ave  had  plentv  (»f  tea. 

On  the  cA-ening  of  the  ISth  Ave  arrived  at  a  large  A'illage.  AN'o  Avere 
received  Avith  great  kindness  by  the  chief,  ami  comfortably  installed  in 
the  best  house,  Avhich  he  vacated  for  our  accommodation.  He  informed 
us  that,  on  account  of  the  shallowness  of  the  ri\er,  it  would  be  impos- 
sible for  us  to  reach  the  entrance  of  the  portage  by  Avat(.'r.  We  Avere 
deternuned,  however,  to  go  on  as  far  as  ])ossible.  We  nmde  a  hearty 
meal  on  tish,  seasoned  Avith  gun])owder.  and  spent  a  very  comfortable 
night  at  the  village. 

On  the  next  moiiiing,  having  exchanged  our  canoes  for  a  large  skin 
'^  baidarra,"  drawing  somewhat  less  Avater,  Ave  resumed  our  journey. 
The  chief  accompanied  us  at  his  own  desire.  Previously  Ave  had  had 
considerable  rain,  but  on  this  day  the  Aveather  Avas  delightful.  A\'e 
Avorked  our  Avay  along  Aery  slowly  until  night,  the  A\-ater  becoming 
more  and  more  shalloAv.  At  dark  Ave  Avent  into  camp,  and  an  examina- 
tion of  the  river  from  the  shore  proAcd  further  progress  by  boats  im- 
]»ossible. 

AVe  Avere  noAv  about  fifty  miles  from  the  riAcr's  mouth,  and  i»robal>ly 
about  tAventy  miles  from  the  portag<',  and  Ave  had  to  choose  l>etween 
two  courses.    AVe  could  easily  return  to  Auvic  and  winter  at  that  place, 


■^ 


S 


RECONNAISSAXCI:    OF    TIIi:    YUKON    KIVKR. 


19 


\ 


or  w(.'  coiiUl  attempt  to  cross  the  countiy  in  a  diioct  line  to  Ikikiktoik, 
on  the  (.'oa.st.  The  lirst  course  seemed  out  of  the  (luestion,  since  the 
stiiti(»u  was  ]U()\  isioiicd  lor  only  three  im-n.  On  the  other  hand,  a 
]>orta^e  across  an  nne\i»h»red  country  ot  an  extremely  dilhetilt  character, 
known  to  be  intersected  Avith  mountain  ran^^'cs,  uecessitatiiiiL;'  a  de- 
])en(h'nce  ])iinci|»al]y  upon  the  rivers  for  our  supply  of  food,  ^vliieh 
nii,uht  he  cut  oil'  in  a  moment  by  a  sudch'u  clianye  of  weather,  ap]>eared 
cfpially  imi)racticabh'.  After  miu-h  anxious  discussion,  it  Avas  linally 
(k'terniined  to  kccji  on.  and  not  to  turn  back  uidess  it  slu)uld  l)ecome 
absolutely  necessary. 

Durin;^'  the  ni^ht  there  was  a  violent  rain-storm.  In  the  mornin;;'  we 
])acked  everything;'  which  it  was  necessary  to  carry  on  the  backs  of  the 
linlians.  Wc  abandoned  our  tent  and  such  othei-  articles  as  were  not 
absolutely  rcfpiircd,  and.  under  the  gnichiuce  of  the  chief,  be^an  our 
journey.  Our  course  lay  lirst  over  a  }*entle  ascent  covered  with  pines 
and  thick  underbrush,  which  much  impeded  our  pro;;ress.  After  an 
houi's  travel  we  <lescended  into  a  mossy  swam]),  throu;;h  ■which  Ave 
traveled  until  ni;;iit.  xVt  dark  we  Avent  into  cami*,  Avet  and  very  tired. 
Of  our  ]>roAisions  there  only  renuiiiied  a  small  piece  of  ham,  which  Ave 
had  carefully  laid  aside  while  on  the  river,  to  be  used  when  lish  could 
not  be  obtained.  This  we  divided,  the  ration  consisting-  of  a  tiiin  piece 
about  the  size  of  a  half-dollar.  Fortunately  avc  Avere  able  to  recruit 
exhausted  nature  with  unlimited  tea,  although  Ave  had  been  for  sc\-eri>.l 
days  Avithout  sugar.  It  may  appear  strange  that  Ave  did  not  bring  tish 
Avith  us  from  the  river,  l)ut  they  could  not  have  been  obtained  Avithout 
delay;  ami  avc  Inul  underestimated  the  distance  to  the  second  crossing 
of  tile  .Vnvic  liiver,  Avhere  avc  .^uitposed  we  could  obtain  an  al»undant 
su]»ply. 

On  the  next  morning  avc  made  an  early  start,  Avithout  breakfast. 
Ascending  the  iirst  range  of  hills  we  ])assed  OA'cr  a  divide,  and  early 
in  the  afternoon  avc  began  to  descend  into  the  Aalley  beyond.  As  the 
A'alley  lirst  came  in  Aiew.  a  welconu'  sight  greet(  I  our  eyes.  It  Avas  the 
smoke  of  a  cami)-<ire.  and,  as  aa-c  drew  nearer,  avc  saw  a  little  hut  covered 
Avith  hides,  and  near  by  rude  franu's,  fi'om  Avhich  Avere  susj>ended  great 
sides  of  reindeer  meat.  During  our  dav's  journev  wc  had  seen  niauv 
herds  of  reindtu'r  feeding  on  the  hills,  but  avc  could  not  sjjare  time  to 
hunt  them.  On  approaching  the  hut  Ave  found  that  it  Avas  the  habita- 
tion of  one  of  the  natives  of  the  coast.  Eai'iier  in  the  seasou  he  had 
l>enctrati-d  to  this  valley  to  hunt,  but,  having  been  seized  Avith  a  severe 
attack  of  rheumatism,  he  had  been  <'omi)elled  to  remain  later  than  usual, 
until  his  friends  should  come  for  him.  His  Avife  Avas  with  him.  Tpon 
intjuiry  we  found  that  he  Avas  a  brother  of  "Xew  Year's,'"  and,  1  believe, 
nearly  related  to  "Hungry"  and  "Lunchy,"  all  Indians  celebrated  in  the 
anmdsof  th(>  telegraph  company's  ex])loiations.  lie  begged  so  earnestly 
for  '■'Anunican  medicine"  that  avc  had  not  the  heart  to  refuse  him, 
although  Ave  had  nothing  ol'  that  character  except  a  Seidlitz  ])oAvder. 
AVe  gave  him  the  <'ontents  of  the  blue  pajier,  ami.  to  our  astonishment, 
he  soon  declared  that  he  felt  much  l)etter. 

At  this  camp  Ave  feasted  to  our  hearts'  content.  Xew  Year's  brother 
nnist  generously  told  us  to  take  all  the  nu'at  we  Avished.  rel'using  any 
compensation.  "\N'e  decided  to  renuiin  here  during  this  tlay,  and  pre- 
])are  ])rovisions  for  the  rest  of  the  journey.  The  meat  not  having  been 
drieil,  Ave  could  not  nmke  "pemnncan,"  Init  Ave  j^repareda  sidvstitute  for 
it  in  the  following  Avay  :  The  meat  was  thoroughly  boiled,  and  then  cut 
into  Acry  small  pieces.  These  Avere  ]>laced  in  a  bag  and  boiling  grease 
poured  oAcr  tliem.     The  whole  Avas  tlien  pressed  t  ightly  into  t  lie  f ma  1 


20 


RECONNAIWSAXCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


ost  possible  space.  This  Monl<l  have  proved  a  very  good  substitute  had 
not  a  "^ood  deal  «»ftlie  meat  ^vlliell  ^ve  were  obliged  to  use  been  tainted, 
Avhich  made  it  all  offensive. 

]\rr.  3Iajov  made,  from  a  description  given  by  >'e\v  Year's  brotlnr,  a 
little  toi>oj>rai)lii<'al  slvetcli  of  the  countiy,  wliicli  was  very  uselul  to  us, 
and  proved  wonderfully  correct. 

On  the  morning  ol'  .Se])teiiiber  2l.'d  we  again  brolce  cam]),  and  began 
the  ascent  of  the  range  of  liills  on  liie  west  side  of  the  valley.  Vvom 
this  point  tlie  timl»er  entirely  disappears,  except  a  little  low  brush  near 
the  Avater-courses.  The  nights  had  now  bcfKiiU'  cold,  and,  in  order  to 
find  a  ca)np  where  brush-wood  could  be  obtained,  it  was  necessary  to 
reach  the  second  crossing  of  the  Anvic  Ifrver.  We  ]>assed  over  two 
ranges  of  high  hills,  alternately  i»lunging  through  a  thick,  wet  moss, 
and  stundiling  over  rough  stones.  At  8  p.  m.  we  linally  arrived  at 
the  Anvic  iJiver,  almost  (lead  with  fatigue.  On  the  last  range  of  hills 
Foley's  strength  completely  failed  him.  ICarly  in  the  march  his  shoes 
had  become  unscr\iceable,  and  he  was  tililiged  to  substitute  for  them 
moose-skin  jnoccasins;  conse(iuently.  his  feet  had  been  severely  bruisetl. 
JEe  made  a  great  effort  to  kee]>  on,  but,  being  taken  with  vomiting,  he 
declared  that  hec(»nld  go  no  farther.  AN'e  made  him  a  bed  on  the  hill-side, 
and  then  went  on  down  to  the  riM-r,  where  the  light  of  a  distant  camp- 
jfire  assured  us  that  assistance  and  food  conhl  be  obtained.  On  our  ar- 
rival at  the  river  we  found  a  temi>orary  tlshing-cam]>.  occupied  by  Coast 
Indians.  A  party  was  immediately  sent  back  with  toed  and  I'nel  to 
Toley,  and  he  arrived  safely  at  the  camp  about  noon  on  the  next  da\ . 
.Vt  tills  camp  we  found  plenty  of  provisions.  "We  obtained  here  a  few 
reindeer  tongues,  which  are  Justly  considered  a  great  delicacy.  A\'e  re- 
mained at  this  camp  until  about  1  jt.  n).  Having  ])roUted  a  good  deal 
by  this  rest,  we  started  with  renewed  spirits  on  our  Jouiiiey.  AVe  as- 
cended the  liilLs  on  the  west  of  the  Anvic  A'alley.  and  wIkii  we  reached 
the  summit  we  saw  w  ith  delight  the  broad  exi»anse  of  Xorton  Sound  in 
the  distance.  AVe  then  deseended  into  the  valley  of  the  (_lolsova  llichka, 
and  at  sunset  we  arrived  at  the  little  river.  AVading  it,  we  went  into 
camp  on  its  western  bank.  On  the  next  morning  we  made  an  early 
start,  as  there  is  no  fuel  and  no  place  suitable  for  a  camp  between  the 
Clolsova  and  the  coast,  and  it  was  therefore  necessary  to  conclude  opr 
Journey  in  one  day.  We  first  passed  over  a  low  range  of  hills  boi'dering 
the  river.  Our  Journey  then  lay  over  an  almost  level  country,  with  the 
excei>tion  of  a  high  hill  near  the  coast,  which  we  crossed  to  avoid 
swamps. 

TraA'cl  in  this  part  of  the  country  is  extremely  diflicult.  The  ground 
is  covered  Avith  hunnnocks  ami  deep  moss,  and  it  is  nearly  all  a  swam[). 
Through  this  terrible  region  we  lloundered  until  eight  o'clock  in  the 
evening,  when  our  troubles  were  terminated  by  our  safe  arrival  at 
Ikikiktoik.  This  was  pci'haps  our  most  fatiguing  day's  Journey.  "We 
traveled  al)out  twent^\  miles  through  a  country  which,  under  any  cir- 
cumstances except  those  of  actual  necessity,  might  Avell  be  called  im- 
passable. 

At  Ikikiktoik  wo  expected  to  find  plenty  of  natives  and  boats,  and 
we  intended  to  conclude  our  journey  to  St.  Michael's  Island  on  the  same 
night.  Unfortunately,  however,  we  found  the  village  temporarily  de- 
serted. But  one  native  reumined — a  sick  man — and  one  small  boat, 
capable  of  carrying  only  one  person.  We  were  therefore  comi)elled  to 
spend  the  night  here.  We  had  eaten  the  last  of  our  provisions,  suppos- 
ing our  Journey  to  be  i)ractically  ended :  but,  fortunately,  one  of  the 
Indians  had  killed  a  rabbit  as  we  were  entering  the  village.    With  this, 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    KIVEK. 


21 


and  soiiK'  sca-wator.  wo  made  a  soup,  which  \vc  fancied  delicious,  us  we 
had  not  tasted  s;dt  tbi'  luore  than  a  week. 

Early  th<'  next  nu)rning  I  (lispatched  a  niessen;j;ei-  to  St.  Miehael's 
Island  with  a  re(|uest  for  assistance,  and  about  ni;;htfall  the  superin- 
tendent of  the  company,  Captain  Ijinis,  arrived  with  a  whale  I)oat  ami 
a  l)ountiful  supply  of  provisi(rns,  ami  transported  us  to  the  ship.  Thus 
vuih'd  our  eventful  and.  in  sonu>  respects.  uni>leasant  Journey. 

On  the  L'Tth  of  Septemher  tiu'  Commodore  .sailed  for  San  I'raueisco. 
On  the  od  of  Octol)er  W(>  arrived  at  the  Jslaiul  of  St.  (Jeorye,  and  here 
we  obtained  the  first  lU'W  s  which  we  had  received  from  thecix  ili/ed  world 
for  about  si.v  months.  On  the  (itli  of  0(.'tober  we  arrivi'd  at  Ounalaska 
Island,  where  we  were  <lelayed  several  days.  A  voya^'e  of  twenty-seven 
days  tVom  this  ]>l;tee,  durin,:;'  which  we  experienced  a  succession  of 
severe  j.;ales  in  JU'liiiu-i  Sea,  and,  imieeil,  unfa\'orable  weather  all  the 
way.  brou.uht  us  at  lenyth  to  San  Franciseo,  Avhere  we  arrived  on  Xo- 
vendter  (Ith.  exactly  se\-en  months  from  the  tinu'  of  our  dei>arture. 


CHAI'TKR     II. 
DESClJirXiON    OF   THE    KIVER  ASD  AIMACENT   COL'^vTKV. 


The  .iireat  Yulvon  IMver.  tlie  largest  .stream  emi>t\  in,u'  on  the  western 
coast  of  America,  is  sujtiiosed  to  take  its  vise  a]tproximately  in  latitude 
.'iS'^  31'  north  and  lonuitude  l.'JP  oO'  we.st.  At  its  lieiul-waters  it  is 
known  as  the  Taheo  Jvi\ cr,  and  it  is  said  to  have  been  A'isit(^d  many 
years  api  by  the  traders  ami  tra])pers  of  the  Hudson  J^ay  Territory. 
The  northernmost  ]»oint  of  the  river  is  at  Fort  Yukon,  where  it  makes 
a  sudden  and  decided  bend  toward  the  southwest.  The  little  that  we 
kndw  concernin.u'  this  [xirtion  of  the  Yukon  is  derived  IVom  the  accounts 
of  Ketcham  ami  Labar.ne  and^lichael  IJy rues,  (?•/-■?<.'  Introduction.  ]>a,i;'es 
7  and  ?>.)  and  various  rei)orts  of  Indians.  A^liich  establish  the  i(h'ntity  of 
the  Taheo  IJiver  ami  tlie  Yukon.  Tlie  _u'eneral  direction  of  the  river 
from  its  head  waters  to  Fort  Yukon  is  supposed  to  be  about  northwest. 
The  leu;ith  of  this  ]>ortion  of  the  river  must  be  at  least  one  thousaml 
miles.  From  Lake  Labar|ii-e  (about  latitud*^  (!P  4.")'  iiorth  and  loniiitude 
loo-  oW  Avest)  to  Fort  Yukon  it  is  called  the  Eewis  Ki\er.  Just  below 
the  lake  a  tributary  enters  from  the  south.  Fron^  i^^s  head- waters  the 
Indian  tribes  inliabitin,u'  the  vicinity  are  accu.stonu  u  to  nndc(>  a  porta,uv 
to  the  head-waters  ol  the  Chilcat,  [U'oC(  edin,u  via  the  latter  river  to  Sit^a 
for  i»urposes  of  trade. 

Proltably  the  lar.ue^'l"  tributary  of  the  Yukon  above  I'^ort  Yukon  is  the 
Felly,  which  enters  the  nmin  river  I'roin  the  east,  approximately  in  lati- 
tude 0."J"  north  and  lon.ii'itiule  lotP  40'  west.  At  its  mouth  the  Hudson 
Bay  Comjiany  forn\erly  had  a  tradin.ci-station.  called  Fort  Selkirk,  which 
was  destroyed  by  Imlians  in  the  year  IS.jl,  and  since  that  time  has 
remained  unoccupied.  This  portion  of  tlie  river  is  described  as  ilowing, 
with  an  extremely  rapid  current.  throuj>h  a  mountainous  country. 

Fort  Yukon,  situated  in  latitude  00^  iVS'  47"  north  ami  lon.uitu'de  1^'P 
17'  47"  west,  is  the  highest  point  which  my  expedition  reached.  Here 
the  Y'ukon  receives  the  waters  of  the  IJat,  or  I'orcupine,  a  large  tribu- 
tary, emptying  on  the  right  baidc,  and  tiowing  from  its  head-waters  in  a 
general  direction  a  little  south  of  west. 

From  Fort  Yukon  to  the  month  of  the  Chetaut  Kiver,  a  distance  of 


22 


RECOXXAI.'j.SANXE    OF    TIIH    YTKON    KIVKK. 


i 


V 


about  twoLu3]«in-il  mile?*.  nwasiiriMl  aloii;:;'  tlic  <l«'(.'|»cst  cliiuiiicl.  the  rivi-r 
lias  a  ;if'ii»'ial  Jinwrttoti  aU»iiit  west  southwest.  The  \\  iiidiii^is  i»i'  tlu' 
stream.  IjtnvoYJrT.  irkhiri  this  distauee  are  iiiiuiiiieiahh-.  the  airline 
(listaiicc  K'tAvt-^M  th»*se  ix>ints  heiiif;'  only  about  one  hundretl  and  til'ty 
miles.  The  (xtnuitry  on  l>«>rh  sides  ot'  the  liNcr  is  h»\v  and  le\el.  usually 
eonsi.xtinj;  <»f  isaiicl  or  ;^ravel.  Tiie  avera,i;e  widtii  ol'  tlie  river  is  altuut 
tlircc-l'uurths  of  a  unilo'.brit  in  .sonic  ]ila('es,  nieasurinj;'  across  its  numer- 
ous islands,  it  wiJetiis  out  t(»  tivc  or  siv  miles.  Tiu'  ('Ui'rent  throu;;h  all 
its  i»assa;ics  is  t-xtrt-oiidy  rai»id.  and  in  many  places  the  best  ehannel  is 
not  moic  than  tltrifi?  feet  in  (leptli.  The  \e,uctatiou  on  the  baidis  and 
islands  is  ]triMci|iiiiIly  a  ehaparral  of\sillt)\v  and  i»oi»lar,  with  oeeasiunal 
firoves  ol"s]»ni<iean»l  bireh.  Theiirincipal  tril)utaiies  einptyin;^  into  this 
l)ortion  t»f  the  fiii-r  ;ire  the  Aehenehik,  ^otoehar,iiUt  or  J)all.  ("hetlct- 
chuk.  and  Clietaoit  iJivers.  ail  of  wliie'i  llo\v  iVom  the  north.  >.'one  of 
these  rivers  sieeni  to  lie  of  nunh  importance,  with  the  exeejttion  of  the 
Chetaut,  which  Isas  fRvri  as<'cnded  foi  a  few  ndlcs  and  tbund  to  abound 
in  lish  and  yaia»-.  There  are  no  native  villn.u'es  on  this  portion  of  the 
river. 

f.  From  tLc  iij<f»RE:h  of  the  Chetaut  the  Yul<on  rapidly  chanjics  in  char- 
actor.  It  p-adnally  narrows  into  one  channel;  the  islands  disap]»e;ir: 
the  banks  lisiC  into  hills:  the  stream  Ix-eonu'S  deei»  and  rapid,  until 
finally  it  ithnj;^*-*  with  .uicat  velocity  thnaiyh  tin*  llampart  l{anj;e.  The 
bluff  hills  c**m\m-}ri,m»  this  r  ">,n'e  rise  close  to  the  water's  cduc.  They 
arc  conipos(-<i  |mm'i|K)lIy  of  a  hard,  .ureeidsh  rock.  Slate  is  occasionally 
seen,  and  at  the  rapids  true  granite  appears  in  a  ledge  running  across 
the  river.  Most  of  the  hills  arc  covered  Avith  gnnes  of  spruce  inter- 
mingled with  J.'iffieh.  but  the  trees  are  all  small,  ami  in  many  places  they 
lie  for  soujc  «ii>tiWice  scattered  in  every  direction.  sht)v,  ing  the  small 
depth  to  Avhk-h  their  r»)ots  attain  in  the  frozen  ground  ami  the  great 
force  of  the  "ivinitrr  winds. 

From  the  Chttaot  liiver  to  the  liampart  IJapids,  a  distance  of  some 
.sixty  miles,  tht"  general  direction  is  about  southwest.  The  river  aver- 
ages about  twio-tSiirds  of  a  mile  in  width,  but  at  the  rajiids  the  widtli 
does  not  excen.-*.!  itLif'  hundred  and  fifty  yards.  The  ti'il)utariesemi)tying 
into  this  iM>itioii!  of  the  river  are,  I'nnn  the  north,  the  Atonisonik.  and, 
from  the  sowth.  the  Ynkiichargut  or  AVhymper  l'i\ cr.  Neither  is  im- 
portant. 

The  first  ij;«itive  village  met  Avitli  in  descending  the  river  is  >itnated 
on  the  right  "  '■ .  just  I»elow  the  IJampart  IJapids.  It  is  ocenjiied  by 
Senati.  an  <A-i  -L  .utun  (diief,  and  his  [»c(»]>le,  whose  permanent  home  is 
probably  in  the  \i»:inity  of  Fort  Yukon,  but  who  have  established  them- 
selves in  this  \*\mf*'  for  the  pur[»ose  of  fishing.  It  is  indicated  on  my 
jnap  as  Seijati'?«  Village. 

From  the  Kaiaparts  to  Xulato,  a  distance  of  some  two  hundred  and 
forty  njiles.  the  liver  has  a  general  direction  about  west  by  south. 
There  are.  however,  many  bemls,  altin)ugh  these  are  less  sudden  and 
uumcrons  than  in  the  other  portions  of  the  river. 

After  lea\iu«  th«?  Kampart  gorge,  the  stream  widens  and  the  current 
diminishes  in  lajmlity.  The  right  bank  is  for  the  most  ]>art  hilly,  and 
on  the  left,  akhoagh  this  shore  is  generally  low  and  flat,  hills  and  Iduffs 
occasionally  lis*-  close  to  the  water's  edge.  The  channel,  as  a  general 
rule,  runs  elo***  to  the  right  bank,  a  remark  which  holds  good  for  all 
that  portion  of  the  river  below  the  Eamjiarts.  The  average  widtli  is 
about  tbree-fonrth*  of  a  mile.  ^S^ow  and  then  islands  are  encountered, 
but  for  the  mtn^t  pjirt  the  stream  is  open  and  the  channel  plain. 

This  iMjrtkm  of  the  river,  in  my  opinion,  far  suri)asses  all  other  i)arts 


1 
1 


IJECONXAISSANCE    OF   THE    YCKON    UIVKR. 


23 


III  iiatiirnl  Ixsuity.  Alfoiit  tit'ly  iiulcs  Im-Iow  I'oit  A<l;uiis,  (Ik^  Sikjuo- 
nill;i  iMiiyt'  (il*  iiiomitiiiiis  coiiiiiiciiccs  uii  tlic  liylit  hiiiiU.  It  is  a  succes- 
sion ot'  «'l(',uiiiit,  wcll-dfliiKMl  [MiiUs  and  vid^u'cs.  (Icsciiltiiifi'  a  bcaiitiriil 
ourvo  for  many  miles,  witii  its  e(»iieavity  toward  tlici  river  and  its 
flanks  restiii;^'  at  tlic  watci's  ('(][X{>.  Tlie  ri,i;lit  haiilc  of  the  river  is  well 
rimheicd  witli  spnico,  jxtplar.  and  l>ireli. 

Tlie  |nineii»al  roel;s  of  this  ]»art  of  the  river  are  slate  and  sandstone. 
Some  of  the  sandstone  Iilulfs  are  very  remarkable  in  appearance, 
(}nart/  is  found,  and  occasionally  .uranite.  I  examined  a  specimen  of 
bituminous  coal  which  w(!  obt;iined  on  this  [tart  of  the  river,  li  is  of 
.U'ood  (piality,  luit  the  seam  is  very  limited  in  extent. 

The  )U'iiicipal  tributaries  emi>tyin,n'  into  this  ].,(i't  of  the  ri\'er  are  as 
follows  :  J''rom  (he  north,  tlieTosekar,uiit,Xewchuklikar;j;ut,>.'ewikarjn'nt, 
.Melozekaryut,  and  the  Knyukiik:  from  the  south,  the  Taminfi,  Atutsa- 
kulakush(!liar^'iit.  Yukokar,L:ut,  and  the  Ivnknyukuk.  The  termination 
h'((r(ji(t  01"  ClKd'i/Hl  si;;'nilies,  in  tin;  native  dialct,  a  little  stream.  Some 
of  these  "little  streams,"  nevertheless,  are  larj;e  and  imi)ortant  rivers, 
populated  by  many  Iiidiau  tribes,  and  na\  i.uable  for  a  considerable 
distance.  Cliief  amonu'  all  these  rivers  in  iiiiportaiice,  size,  and  beauty — 
chief,  indeed,  amoii^'  all  the  tributaries  of  the  Yukon — stands  the  yreat 
Tanaiii'i,  "the  river  of  The  mountains."'  It  empties  into  the  Yukon 
about  thirty  miles  below  the  l{am[)arts,  and  its  ra[>id  ^vaters  increase 
the  current  of  the  main  river  for  a  lonj;'  distance.  Oidy  a  few  miles 
from  its  mouth  have  been  traveled  by  white  men.  It  apparently  comes 
from  the  southeast;  but  it  is  believed  tli.it  manv  miles  above  the  ex- 
idored  i)ortion  it  makes  a  ,!;reat  bend  from  the  east,  its  sources  lying 
near  the  L'i)per  Yukon. 

At  the  mouth  of  the  Tanaini  is  the  trading  ground  called  Nuelu- 
(;ayette,  -where  the  Indians  inhabiting  t'  j  banks  of  this  tributary  are 
accustomed  to  congregate  in  the  spring.  About  se\'enteen  nules  below, 
and  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Y'ukoii,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tasekargut 
IJiver,  is  the  American  trading-station  called  Toit  Adams.  The  prin- 
cipal trading  villages  between  this  point  and  Xulato  are  Chokoyik, 
Xewikargut,  aiul  Sakadelontin.  .V  mile  abo^  e  the  old  Iiussian  Ibrt  at 
Xulato,  (now  abandoned,)  there  is  an  Anierican  trailing-station. 

From  X'ulato  to  Andreavsky,  an  abandoned  Ifussian  trading-station, 
.situat<'d  about  three  linndre*!  and  lifty  miles  below  the  lirst-named 
jtlace,  the  liver  has  the  following  a]tproximate  directions:  From  Xulato- 
to  Anvic,  south-sonthwest;  from  Anvic  to  the  upper  entrance  of  the 
Shagelook  Slough, sonth-sontheast:  from  theujiper  entranceof  the  Shage- 
look  Slough  to  the  (Ircat  Bend,  southwest;  fr<jm  the  (Ireat  J>end  to 
Andreavsky,  west  by  south.  It  is  diificnlt  to  convey  an  idea  of  this 
portion  of  the  river,  its  numerous  windings,  its  thousand  islands,  its 
bars  and  shoals,  ever  changing  and  shifting,  bal'lling  the  traveler  in  his 
search  for  the  channel,  (lenerally  speaking  the  right  bank  is  high,  ex- 
hibiting many  bluffs  of  sand  and  rock,  formed  by  tlie  ice  torrents  in  the 
spring. 

In  this  connection  1  may  mention  a  rapid  change  which  is  going  on 
here  and  in  many  other  parts  of  the  river.  The  ice  undermines  the 
high  banks  sometimes  to  a  distance  of  twenty  or  thirty  feet.  On  the 
projecting  tops  of  the  banks  there  are  nsually  many  trees.  These,  loos- 
ened by  the  action  of  frost  and  water,  are  soon  precipitated  into  the 
stream  beneath ;  and  thus  the  river  goes  on  Avidening  and  shoaling, 
while  immense  q^'  Mitities  of  drift-wood  are  sent  down  to  the  sea.  Some- 
times the  right  ba  .k  rises  into  high  hills;  again  it  falls  away  to  rolling 
ground,  and  occr.jionally  to  tlats.   The  left  bank  is  low  and  level.    Here 


24 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    KIVEK. 


I 
I 


yi;. 


ill 


and  there,  however,  small  hills  are  seen  staniling  back  a  Diile  or  two 
liom  the  vater,  and  for  nearly  the  whole  dlstauee  a  range  of  distant 
mountains  ]>arallel  to  this  shore  is  Aisible.  In  these  mountains  lie  the 
sources  of  the  great  ri\er  Kuskokvim.  Tlic  sandstones  and  slates  (-(ni- 
tinue  throughout  this  portion  of  the  river,  but  on  the  lower  i>art  a  darl; 
volcanic  rock  makes  its  appearance.  Ik'tween  a  point  near  Andreavsky 
and  the  sea  no  rocks  ^vcre  observed.  The  hills  on  the  I'iglit  banlc  are 
generally  well  covered  with  spruce  and  ]ioplar,  occasionally  intermin 
glcd  with  a  little  birch.  Owing  to  the  coldness  of  the  winter  clima'.c. 
these  trees  do  not  usnally  grow  to  a  great  size;  the  left  bank  and  the 
islands  arc  generally  covered  with  chaparral  of  willow  and  alder.  This 
portion  of  the  ri\er  has  few  tributaries  of  suflicient  size  to  reipiirc 
notice,  althougli  there  are  many  small  si  reams,  entering  usually  iVom  the 
north.  The  ]>rincipal  tri!)utaries  from  the  north  are  the  Takaitski,  the 
Anvic,  and  the  Koiinekova  or  Clear  JJiver.  The  Takaitski  eiu])ties  into 
the  Yukon  about  lilty  miles  below  Xulato.  It  abounds  in  Jish,  and  it  is 
said  that  many  Indians  dwell  upon  its  banks.  The  Anvic  enters  the 
Yukon  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  nules  below  Kulato.  It  is  ilie  only 
tributary  of  the  great  river  which  1  ha^"e  ascended  for  any  considerabk' 
distance.  It  has  its  source  in  the  mouidain  langes  which  run  ]»aral]el 
to  the  sea-coast;  runs  from  its  head-waters  in  a  Viortherly  direction  foi 
about  twelve  miles,  and  then,  making  a  long  regular  bend  to  the  east 
and  south,  flows  generally  in  a  southerly  direction  uuiil  it  reaches  the 
nudn  river.  Its  baidcs  are  often  high  and  steep.  The  hills  of  the  right 
baidc  of  the  Yulcon  turn  at  Anvic  and  tbllow  tlit;  lelt  banlc  of  this  ri\er 
up  to  the  point  where  it  mal;es  its  great  bend  away  !Vom  the  coast.  Its 
very  shallow  Avaters  run  with  great  velocity.  It  is,  in  a  word,  through- 
out nearly  its  whole  extent  a  torrent.  This  ri\"er  is  traxcled  somewhat 
in  summer  l)y  hulians,  who  occasionally  rc;icli  iis  head-waters  and 
liiake  iirun  thence  a  portage  to  the  coast. 

The  Ivornekova  IJiver  enters  the  Yuicon  about  one  hundred  and  eighty 
miles  below  Anvic.  At  its  mouth  it  is  about  live  hundred  ya.rds  in  width. 
an<l  so  shallow  that  a  bark  eanwe  can  hardly  ride  upon  its  waters,  it 
abounds  in  fish,  and  empties  a  clear  sihcr  stream  into  the  muddy  waters 
of  the  Yukon.  Two  j'ivers  Join  this  portion  of  th(>  Yukon  from  the  south. 
the  Kaiyuh  and  the  Shagelook. 

The  mouth  of  the  Kaiyuh  lii\er  is  said  to  be  situated  about  forty  miles 
below  ;N'u1ato.  It  was  not  noted  in  our  itinerary,  and  1  have  no  inlbvnm- 
tion  concerning  it. 

Al)out  one  hundre<l  and  thirty  miles  below  Nulato  the  Yukon  sejsarates 
into  two  branches.  The  main  stream  inirsuesa  southerly  course,  but  the 
lesser  In-auch,  ruiuiing  at  lirst  a  little  south  of  e.ist,  makes  linally  a  great 
l)end  to  the  south  and  west,  and  enters  the  nmin  river  again  about  sixty 
miles  below  the  i)oint  of  se])aration.  This  lesser  branch  is  entitled  the 
Hhagelook  Slough,  ami  on  it,  a  few  miles  from  its  entrance,  is  situated 
the  nn)uth  of  the  Sliagelook  liiver.  Of  this  river  little  is  known,  ! 
have  not  e\en  seen  its  mouth,  but  its  valley  is  said  to  be  the  richest  tin 
country  on  tin;  lower  Yukon, 

A  little  below  Andreavsky  the  Yukon  bends  abruptly  to  the  north- 
ward, and  runs  about  north  by  west  from  this  point  to  the  sea.  There 
are  said  to  be  three  princijjal  outlets — the  Ai)hoonor  uj^per,  the  Kvich- 
pak  or  middle,  autl  the  Kousilvak  or  lower  nn)uth.  Of  these  I  uad  an 
opportunity  to  exanunebutone — the  Aphoon.  Alittle  below ^Vndreavsky 
the  hills  of  the  right  bank  die  away,  and  the  country  on  both  sides  of 
the  river  becomes  low  and  Hat.  Shoids  and  sand-bars  are  found  on  every 
side.    The  river  spreads  out  to  a  width  of  about  three  nules,  and  finally. 


,  KECOXNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    KIVER.  25 

at  a  ]>oiiit  about  twenty-two  miles  below  ^Vndreavsky,  se])arate,s  into  its 
mouths.  The  A])hoon  outlet  is  iihout  forty  miles  in  len^^th,  and  lias  an 
average  •svidtli  of  ])erhai)s  one-third  of  a  mile.  Its  banks  are  low  and 
tlat,  and  are  eovered  with  chai)arral  of  alder  ami  willow.  This  outlet 
enters  the  sea  approximately  in  north  latitude  Oo^  10'  and  west  longitude 
104^. 

I>esides  Nulato.  the  IJussian  Amcrieaii  Comjiany  fin'merly  had  trading- 
stations  at  the  ]\Iission.  (two  hundred  and  lifty  miles  below  yulato,) 
p,  Andrea^sky,  and  Coallick,  (near  the  eoast.)     With  the  exeeption  of  the 

^Mission,  where  there  is  an  American  tr  uling-station,  these  points  a'e 
now  abandoned.    There  is  also  an  American  trading-station  at  Anvie. 

The  principal  nati\'e  villages  situated  on  the  main  river  between  >«'u- 
lato  and  the  sea.  in  the  order  named,  are  as  follows:  U[)])er  IvahUog. 
Kahltog,  Lower  Kahltog.  Jlultulkakur,  Tagutalcal^a,  3[usi;oietaka,  An- 
vie, 3Ia!aigaiiiute.  liigelcasagmi,  Xuiiaikaguiurde,  Kuyilvaniulipuk.  l];ak 
laguuite,  RochkogaMinte,  Vul^agamute,  Chulcehulcanuite,  Tlatekamute. 
and  Ankachaganiulv.  On  the  Aii\ic  lliver  three  villages  were  noted. 
One  of  them  is  called  Anemuk.  The  names  of  the  others  were  n'U 
ascertained. 

Frc^in  the  u]>per  mouth  of  the  Yukon  to  IJedoubt  St.  IMicliael's  the 
traveled  way  lies  along  the  eoas<^.  It  is  a.  distance  of  about  tifty-livc 
miles  to  tlie  s(mt!iwest  extremity  of  St.  ^lichael's  Island,  doing  Ihrongli 
a  narrow  ])assage  Vx'twceu  the  islands  and  the  ituiiu-laiid.  about  fifteen 
miles  in  length,  we  linally  arrive  at  the  anchorage  off  "the  redoubt." 
,  This  passage  is  known  as  "  the  canal.'' 

ScNcral  streams  emi)ty  into  ]Sorton  Sound,  lutween  the  ui>]>cr  montli 
,'h-  of  the  Yukon  and  St.  ^lichael's  Island.     There  are  also  several  native 

at  '.  villages  on  this  ])art  of  tlie  coast,  wliieh  weie  tcini)orari]y  unoceuitied  at 

iid  I  ^  the  time  of  oui^isit.     Tiie  coast  is  low  and  liat,  but  liacic  a  few  miles 

from  the  sea  are  se\eral  parallel  ranges  of  hills.    An  idea  of  tlu'  country 
'y  back  of  the  coast  may,  iierliaps,  lie  ol»tained  IVom  a  brief  descri|>lion  of 

li-  the  ground  whicli  we  passed  o\'er  in  our  portage  from  the  .\n\ic  l{i\-ei 

It  to  the  sea. 

rs  I'or  alior.t  twenty  miles  IVom  \\\v  coast  tlie  country  is  Hat,  s\\am]i\ . 

h.  and  tilled  with  standing  jiools.     Close  to  the  coast,  howe^('r,  there  arc 

a  lew  isolated  hills  of  volcanic  character,     There  is  no  timber.    A  little 
<•>>  brush  grows  around  the  jiools.  and  the  remainder  of  the  country  is  cov- 

in- ere<l  with  c^iarse  moss.     Hack  of  this  belt  of  laud  is  the  lirst  hill  range. 

about  a  ihoiisand  feet  in  height.  On  tiie  other  side  of  this  is  the  valle\' 
of  the  (lolsova  liichka,  a  beaiitil'iil  little  ri\-er,  which  runs  northward, 
])arallel  A\itii  the  coast,  ami  empties  into  ]S'oi'tou  Sound.  This  valley  is 
full  oi'  swam]»s  and  chaparral.  Crossing  two  nmre  ranges  of  higher  hills. 
Ave  dc'scend  again  into  a  narrow  \alley  and  arrive  at  the  head-waters  ol 
the  Anvi(.'  Hiver.  This  valley  exhibits  the  same  characteristics  ns  thai 
of  the  Golsova  Richka.  JSeyoiid  it  rises  another  range  of  high  iiills,  and 
beyond  this  again  is  another  swam])y  valle\-,  watered  by  a  triluitary  ol 
/  1|  die  .'vnviv'.     Thus  far  the  hills  are  steep,  barren,  treeless,  and  in  some 

<'ases  swaini>y  b)  their  \ery  to])s.     jleyoiul  this,  however,  timber  begins 
.  .to  appear.    The  eastern  side  of  the  next  range  of  hills  is  thickly  covered 

with  sju'uce,  poplar,  and  close  underlirush.     I'assing  these  hills,  and 
through  a  valley  about  eight  miles  in  w  idtli.  we  cross  a  narrow  belt  of 
rising  ground,  and  linally  descend  again  to  the  banks  of  the  Anvie. 
*  St.  Michaers  Island  is  situated  in  latitude  (>;P  28'  north  and  longitude 

IGl^  oL"  2S''  west,  and  is  se])arated  only  by  a  narrow  channel  from  the 
main-land.  It  is  about  seventeen  miles  long  and  thirteen  miles  wide. 
At  the  northeast  extremity  there  is  a  point  of  land  on  which  are  situ- 


■26 


RIXONXAISSANX'E    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


;ite(l  the  l)uil(lin^'.s<joini»o.sing  '•  tlio  i'e(louV)t,"  described  olscMvhore  in  this 
leport.  Tliis  was  the  dejxtt  station  establislicd  in  1833  by  the  Russian 
.Viiierieaii  Company  for  this  ]»ortion  of  the  teri'itoiy.  Back  of  tlie  re- 
donbt  for  a  mile  or  two  tlx-  ishmd  is  low,  level,  and  swampy.  l>eyond 
the  low  gronnd  are  two  low  hills.  Thei-e  are  no  trees  on  the  island. 
Wood  i'ov  fuel  is  obtained  iVom  the  drift-timber  bron.uht  down  l»y  the 
Ynkon  in  the  sprin^^'.  J>ireetly  west  of  St.  ^liehaers,  and  at  no  great 
♦listanee,  is  Stuart's  J  land,  which  is  of  about  tlie  same  size  and  has  the 
same  gr'neral  eharacteiisties  as  the  former. 

1  have  now  conehuh'd  the  account  of  that  portion  of  the  A'ul^on  IJiver 
territory  which  1  have  jM'rsoiially  vi>^ited.  Tlnn'e  are,  however,  soun* 
adjacent  portions  of  the  country  which  are  well  known  from  the  frequent 
journeys  which  have  been  made  across  them,  and  a  few  remarks  on  these 
[)ortaji;es  will  not  be  ina])]»ro])riate. 

About  forty  nules  northeast  of  St.  ^lichael's  Islaiul  the  IJnalachleet 
Tiiver  eniyities  into  Xorton  Sound.  Its  uvneral  direction  from  its  heatl- 
waters,  which  are  some  tifty  miles  from  the  coasi,  is  about  southwest. 
At  its  month  was  formerly  situated  an  important  trading-station  of  the 
TJussian  company,  now  ai)andoned.  TIms  river  is  niivigable  for  small 
l)oats  for  a  considerable  distance.  The  Kussians.  and  in  later  years  the 
•explorers  of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company,  were  accustomed 
to  travel  to  Xulato  by  asceiuling  the  river,  either  by  boats  or  on  the  ice. 
according  to  the  season  of  the  year,  as  far  as  the  luitive  village  of 
Ulukuk,  whence  they  luide  a  portage  to  the  Yukon,  concluding  the 
Journey  on  that  river. 

The  winter  i)ortage  from  I'luknk  has,  for  about  fourteen  miles,  a  g(Mi- 
eral  direction  about  east-southeast  to  the  Vesolia  Soi)ka,  (•' ('heerful 
^lountain,")  which  forms  the  termination  of  the  Ulukuk  Ifills.  The 
route  to  this  point  lies  principally  across  an  almost  level  country,  with 
hillocks  here  and  there,  and  occasional  clum[)s  of  low  willows.  It  is 
intersected  by  small  streams  emptying  into  a  branch  of  the  Unalachleet 
I'iver.  Urom  the  N'esolia  So])ka  the  portage  has  a  general  direction  of 
about  northeast,  and  it  terminates  on  the  right  bank  of  the  A'ukon,  a 
few  miles  below  Jvahltog.  The  distance  is  about  lift;  miles.  This  i)or- 
tion  of  the  route  traverses  sparsely  wood"d  hills,  and  beyond  these  a  low 
country,  bordering  a  marsh  called  r)ea\('r  Lake:  then  o\(  r  the  tlaidcsof 
sonu'  high  hills,  beyond  which  lies  the  Yukon.  This  brief  description  is 
drawn  ii'om  ^Ir.  Dall's  account  of  his  explorations. 

The  summer  ]iortage  from  Ulukuk  is  ahuig  the  valley  of  a  braiu-h  of 
I  he  Unalachleet  JJiver.  in  a  southeasterly  (lirection,  and  reaches  the 
Yuk'on  at  Vakutskalitnik.  a  i)oint  about  eighty  miles  below  Xulato. 

1  ha\'e  spoivcn  before  of  the  jxirtage  from  tlu'  head-waters  of  tln^  Anvic 
JJiver  to  the  coast.  .V  i)oriage  from  the  head-waters  of  the  (Jolsova 
liichka  to  the  nn)utli  ol'the  Anvi(.'  ]{iver,  indicated  on  tlu'  nuip  of  Lieu- 
tenant Zagoskin,  of  the  Jfiissian  navy,  seems  to  me  extrenu'ly  doubtfid. 

The  llussians  formerly  had  a  station  called  Kedoubt  Kobnakotf,  on 
the  Kuskokx  im  liivcr,  which  is  south  of  the  Yukon,  and  emi)ties  into 
lU'hring  Sea.  in  apj^roximate  latitude  OO'^  north  and  longitude  iCil*^  west. 
From  this  river  tliey  were  accustouu'd  to  cross  to  the  Yukon,  striking 
the  latter  about  six  miles  below  the  ^lission. 

For  the  following  description  1  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Zandt,  a  tradei", 
who  ma«le  the  Journey  in  the  sunnner  of  the  year  18(tl),  and  kindly  fur- 
nished me  with  a  sketch  of  the  country.  The  general  direction  of  the 
route,  starting  from  the  Jvuskokvim,  is  about  northwest.  The  Journey 
commences  by  the  ascent  for  about  live  nnles  of  a  snmll  river  called  tbo 
3Iahkahsatule.    A  short  portage  of  half  a  mile  is  then  made  to  Lake 


HECONNAISSANCE    OF   THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


27 


a 


Kuklaclckulita,  which  is  about  one  milo  iu  leiiA'tli.  Tlii.s  lako  is  crossed, 
and  a  portajii,'  of  throe-foiirtlis  of  a  mile  over  a  swainpy  ])laiii  covered 
Avitli  bircli  leads  to  another  lake,  which  is  a  little  larger  than  the  lirst, 
and  constitutes  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Kuichavak  IJiver.  Crossin.!"' 
this  lake  and  desceiulin,u'  tiie  Kuichavak  for  about  seven  niile.^,  the  route 
ascends  one  of  its  branches  called  Oukahkl  to  a  lake  of  the  same  name. 
This  lake  is  about  two  miles  in  width.  A  small  stream  connects  it  with 
the  next  lake,  which  is  called  Koulakh,  and  is  the  largest  in  the  chain. 
Froni  Lake  Koulakh  a  short  jtorrage  is  made  to  Lake  riiilikh-Tulik, 
which  is  soHU'what  snudler  than  the  Ibregoing.  A  portage  of  one  mile 
from  this  lake  over  low  pine-clad  hills  leads  to  the  Talbiksokli  liiver, 
which  is  desceiuled  for  about  eight  miles  to  its  junction  with  the  Yukon. 
The  country  surrounding  the  lakes  is  generally  low  ami  swampy.  The 
journey  from  the  Kuskokvim  l{iver  to  the  :Missiou  can  be  made  by  rapid 
traveling  in  two  davs.  The  distam-e  is  estimated  at  Jifty-iivo  miles. 
From  tl^e  juoulh  of  the  Kuskokvim  to  the  Mission  the  journey  requires 
about  nine  davs. 

■'  From  the  head-waters  of  the  Kotelkalait  Kiver,  (the  eastern  branch  of 
the  Kuyukuk  River,  which  empties  into  the  Yukon  a  few  uiiles  above 
Xulato.)  the  nati^•es  are  said  to  make  a  portage  to  the  head-waters  of  the 
Quisnon,  and  descending  this  and  the  Tosecargut  JJiver,  of  which  it  is 
a  western  tributary,  to  nuda'  their  way  to  Foit  Adams.  I  ha^-e  no  in- 
formation regarding  the  character  of  the  country  in  the  vicinity  ^T  these 
streams. 

A  variety  of  game  is  fouml  in  tlu^  vicinity  of  the  Yukon  River  and  its 
tributaries!!  I  shall  mention  here  only  the  kinds  commonly  used  for 
food  which  were  observed  during  the  exi)edition.  The  fur-bearing  ani- 
mals are  enunierated  iu  a  subseciuent  chapter. 

Moose  are  abundant  on  the  ui)per  part  of  the  river,  especially  iu  the 
liamparts,  where  we  saw  a  great  nundjcr  in  the  month  of  SeiJtember 
during  our  return  journey.  Lynx  and  bear  tracks  Avere  observed  on  this 
l)art  of  the  river.  '  The  black  bear  is  the  most  conunon.  At  Fort  Adams 
I  saw  a  grav  bear-skin  measuring  ten  feet  and  six  inches  iu  length. 
Moose  are  rarely  found  below  Nulato.  One  was  killed,  lioweNcr,  on  an 
island  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  in  the  sunnner  of  bSiiU.  ])uring  the 
sunnner  reindeer  are  abundant  anu)ng  the  hills,  especially  on  the  lower 
liart  of  the  river.  They  ar(>  said  to  have  dinunished  greatly  iu  nund»er 
since  the  introduction  of  (ire-arms.  AVe  oliserved  many  herds  of  these 
animals  during  our  journey  from  the  Anvic  River  to  the  sea.  In  the. 
numths  of  July  and  August  the  moose  and  reindeer  are  frequently  seen 
in  the  river,  where  they  seek  a  refuge  from  the  nu)S(iuitoes.  Jlrown  and 
black  bears  are  abuml'ant  on  the  lower  part  of  the  river.  About  the 
lirst  of  >Liy  vast  llocks  of  ducks  and  geese  make  their  ai)pea ranee.  They 
seek  the  ponds  aiul  small  lakes  in  the  interior  to  breed,  and  early  in  the 
tall  th(>y  comnu-nce  their  (hq/arture  southward.  They  are  seen  along 
the  whole  extent  of  the  Yukon.  The  varieties  of  geese  1  couhl  not  dis- 
tinguish. Of  the  ducks  the  teal,  i)erhaps,  Avas  the  nu)st  common,  and 
after  this  the  mallard.  The  canvas-back  was  also  often  observed. 
Swans  and  sand-hill  cranes  are  abundant,  especially  between  Nulat(^ 
and  Fort  Adams. 


^ 


28  liECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVEL*. 

ClIAPTKh*    111 
THE  XATivi:  Turr.E.s. 

Owiuji  to  the  iai)idity  "with  which  we  Avcne  oblisiod  to  Uavrl.  jiiul  the 
time  re<iiiirc'd  for  otlicr  duties,  my  oitjiortuiiilies  for  u1>sei\iitioii  nnioiiy 
the  native  tiil)e.s  were  limited.  1  have  eudeaA'oied,  jiuwever,  to  collect 
as  niuch  information  as  possible  concerning'  them.  The  tribes  that  have 
fallen  under  my  observation  may  be  divided  into  two  great  classes.  To 
these  the  names  Orarian  and  Indinn  haxe  been  approjjriately  gi\'en  by 
3[r.  iJail.  The  Orarian  trilies  are  those  Avhich  live  upon  the  coast,  or 
at  or  near  the  mouths  of  large  tributaries:  the  Indian  triVies  are  those 
which  are  found  oidy  in  the  interior.  Tlujse  Orarian  triV)es  concerning 
Avhidi  I  can  s[)eak  i'rom  i)ersonal  hnowledge  are  located  between 
Ikdiriug  Strait  and  the  ii])]H'r  or  Ai)hoou  mouth  of  the  Kvichpak  or 
Yukon,  and  along  the  banks  of  tiu.'  lower  part  of  the  river  ibr  a  distance 
of  about  three  hundred  miles.  They  Ix'long  to  the  sub-grou])  "Jnnuit" 
of  Dall.  The  Indian  tribes  reside  n])on  the  baidcs  of  the  Yukon  and 
its  tributaries  to  s(Mne  distance  al>ove  Fort  Yukon.  That  this  classili- 
cation  of  the  uati\'e  tribes  is  a  natural  one  is  apparent  from  several 
ronsitlerations.  The  Orarian  languages.  Avhile  bearing  nmre  or  less 
cesemblancc  to  each  other,  diffei-  entirely  from  the  Indian  languages. 
Avhich  also  seem  to  have  had  a  common  oi  igiii.  3ioi'cover,  there  is  a 
marked  diflerence  Itetween  Orarians  and  Indians,  in  appearance,  dress, 
character,  habits,  and  customs. 

( )KAUIA^'  TlJliJES. — The  general  naiiie  of  .Alalemute  is  often  applied 
to  all  the.se  natives,  but  correctly  there  are  several  large  tribes,  of  which 
the  ^laleniute  is  one.  The  i)riiicipal  tril)es  seem  to  be  the  XarcaK's.  the 
MoJi  innUs,  ami  the  Ikcaf/inHics  or  Linrer  Krivhpak>{,  often  called  Mafja- 
iinttes:  ami  sometimes  rri)nosJa'.  Tlie  Kaveaks  inhabit  a  ]iortion  of  the 
coast  Itetween  IJehriiig  Strait  an<l  Sound  Golovuin  :  the  ^Ialemiiti\s  are 
.situate«l  between  the  sound  and  the  riudachleet  IJivcr,  and  at  tiie 
mouth  and  along  the  banks  of  that  river;  and  the  Ikvagmutes  are 
found  at  the  mouths  of  the  Kvichpak  or  Yul;on.  and  for  a  distance  of 
about  three  hundred  miles  along  its  l)anks.  These  natives  are  oft('ii 
known  by  the  names  of  the  villages  they  inlmbit;  but  this  nomencla- 
ture seems  to  be  merely  accidental  and  has  no  connection  with  their 
condition,  character,  or  Imbits.  Tiiey  intermingh,'  with  each  other  to  a 
great  extent,  having  )>eeu  brought  together  during  many  years  by  their 
trading  interests  at  St.  ^.lichael's,  and  conseiiuently  there  is  a  great 
similarity  in  their  language,  customs,  character,  and  appearance.  It  is 
almost  impossible  to  form  an  estimate  of  the  numl)er  of  these  ]>eople. 
as  they  continually  travel  up  and  down  the  coast  and  rivers,  and  are 
rarely  met  with  in  large  ])arties.  A  Ivussian  trader  of  long  exiierience 
informs  me  that  in  his  (tpinion  they  nundter  about  hve  thousaml. 

Durin.g  the  winter  these  tribes  live  in  their  villages,  trai)i)ing  for  skins 
in  the  vieinity.  and  making  occasional  trips  to  St.  Michael's  for  i)ur- 
l»oses  of  trading.  In  the  summer  they  scatter  nnu'c  Avidely,  collecting 
.»<tores  of  food  for  winter  u.se.  The  Kaveaks  and  ^Malemutes  in  their 
.'ikin  canoes  hunt  the  walrus  and  the  hair-seal,  ami,  nmking  their  way 
into  the  valleys  between  the  low  coast  ranges,  kill  the  reindeer  in  great 
number.s.  During  the  summer  the  Ikvagmutes  are  engaged  in  fishing' 
for  .sa'mon,  which  frecjuent  in  enormous  numbers  nearly  all  the  rivers  of 
Northern  Alaska. 

Mcst  of  the.se  natives  seem  vigorous  and  healthy,  and  among  them 


RECONNAlSSx\N0E    OF    THE    YUKONt RIVER, 


are  many  very  linci-lookins  i.ieii.  In  tliese  respects  the  Kaveaks  and 
^lalcniutes  are  far  superior  to  the  others,  as  miglit  he  expected  Trom 
tlieir  more  active  and  hazardous  ])ursuits ;  nevertheless,  I  found  among 
them  many  of  the  diseases  incident  to  reckless  exposure.  Consum])- 
tion,  colds,  asthma,  rheumatism,  and  croup  were  by  no  means  uncom- 
mon. Of  the  last-ns^med  disease  great  numbers  of  their  children  die 
yearly. 

The  food  of  these  people  consists  of  fish,  (fresh  and  dried,)  reindeer 
meat,  walrus  and  seal  nu^at,  and  oil.  Their  villages  contain  from  two 
or  three  to  a  dozen  fnmilii's,  and  are  (•(jmi>osed  of  rnde,  low  houses, 
huilt  of  logs  and  covered  with  earth.  The  door  is  simply  a  small  round 
hole  placed  near  the  ground,  so  that  it  is  imi)ossible  to  enter  except  on 
The  hands  and  knees.  The  fire  is  placed  in  the  center  of  the  building, 
and  the  smoke  makes  its  way  through  an  o])ening  in  the  roof.  I'ude  as 
these  houses  arc,  they  are  nevertheless  tight  and  warm.  In  the  winter 
they  are  exchanged  for  houses  entirely  or  ])artially  underground.  Xearly 
every  village  contains  a  large  building  called  the  "dance-house,"  which 
is  used  as  a  bath-house,  and  on  occasions  of  festivitv.  It  also  serves 
as  a  sort  of  hotel  for  the  accommodation  of  travelers.  It  is  similar  to 
the  other  houses  except  in  size,  and  does  not  require  particular  descrip- 
tion. 

The  Orarians  all  wear  skin  clothing  both  in  summer  and  in  winter. 
The  ''parca*'  is  a  sort  of  long  shirt  of  reindeer-slcin,  the  hair  being 
w<u"n  outward  in  dry  weather  and  inward  in  Avct.  It  has  a  hoodattached, 
which  forms  a  covering  for  the  head,  and  which  is  usually  trimmed  with 
the  •■cacajou"  or  wolverine-skin.  Jn  the  summer  leggins  and  boots  of 
reindeer-skin  are  woi'u,  the  latter  being  provided  with  "mocloclc'' or 
Seal-skin  soles.  The  winter  boots  are  entirely  of  nux'lock,  and  are 
luade  with  so  much  skill  that  they  are  comi)lcte]y  water-tight.  L'ein- 
deer-skins,  being  of  such  extensi\e  use,  are  objects  of  great  \alue  among 
these  tribes;  and  I  have  known  them,  and  also  wolverine-skins,  to  be 
brought  from  other  portions  of  the  Territory  by  the  traders,  to  be  cm- 
ployed  in  the  purchase  of  furs.  The  reindeer,  however,  abounds  in  the 
valleys  near  the  coast. 

The  natives  do  not  seem  to  be  fond  of  ornaments.  The  ui)per  lip  is 
usually  perforated  under  the  corners  of  the  mouth,  and  through  these 
lioles  pieces  of  bone  or  bits  of  round  stone  or  nu'tal  arc  inserted.  The 
women  tattoo  their  chins  in  vertical  ]»arallel  lines.  The  dress  of  the 
women  so  closely  resembles  that  of  the  men  ihat  it  would  be  almost 
impossible  to  distinguish  them  but  for  these  marks. 

These  peoiile,  esiH'cially  the  Lower  Kvichpaks,  are  very  unclean  in 
their  habits.  Urine  is  used  in  tanning  all  the  skins  whicli  they  wear, 
which  consequently  have  an  exceedingly  otfensive  smell.  They  use  the 
■  same  liquid  for  bathing  their  persons  also.  Their  villages  are  fdthy, 
and  their  hoiises  swarm  with  vermin.  They  have  no  idea  of  comfort, 
few  artiticial  wants,  and  consequently  little  industry.  Mrtue  seems  to 
be  unknown  among  their  women.  They  are  all  more  or  less  acquainted 
with  the  use  of  intoxicating  licpior,  and  the  northern  tribes  obtain  <pian- 
tities  of  spirits  from  the  wlialers  who  trade  with  them  along  the  coast ; 
but  as  in  all  my  experience  I  did  not  observe  a  single  case  of  intoxica- 
tion, I  do  not  believe  them  to  bo  intemperate.  Indeed,  1  am  told  that 
they  often  resold  spirits  to  the  Kussians,  among  whom  the  use  of  intox- 
icating li(piors  was  carried  to  a  great  excess.  The  use  of  tobaeco  for 
smoking  is  common.  They  prefer  a  very  strong,  coarse  variety,  which 
they  have  been  accustomed  to  receive  from  the  Kussians.  The  native 
pipe  consists  of  a  leaden  fowl  and  a  st«MU  formed  of  two  pieces  of 


30 


KECONXAISSANCE    OF    THJ::   YUKON    RIVER. 


i^. 


-wood  bit»Mow(tsl  out  and  IjisUed  firmly  together  with  a  deer  skin  thong 
wonnd  sinratK  about  them.  The  bowl  will  eontain  a  bit  of  tobaeco 
scaix't'ly  555  large  us  a  i>ea :  one  or  two  whitfs  and  the  operation  is  over. 
The  vifv^-ii  is.  *♦>  powerful  that  for  ii  moment  they  are  intoxicated.  ]Mr. 
])all  s:\vsthiU  they  inhale  the  smoke,  and  he  thinks  that  the  prevalence 
of  asrlmiiS  «ml  eougestiou  of  the  lungs,  to  which  I  liave  before  referred, 
is  due  X<<>  !5si>  cause. 

Daring  !he  summer  the  natives  travel  along  the  coast  and  on  the 
rivers.  TEin\v  have  three  kinds  of  Itoats — the  hlihd'l-  or  hiddrla,  the 
bidiunu  ;»mi  the  bark  canoe.  The  bidark  is  a  long.  Ilat-bottomed, 
canoe-sljrt|HHl  boat,  consisting  of  a  light  frame-work  of  wood,  tightly 
lashed  u^^'ther.  and  coveied  with  oiled  seal-skin.  This  covering 
extends  cotupletely  over  the  top,  holes  being  left  for  the  occupants. 
The  bidark  has  usually  one  hole,  but  sometimes  two,  or  even  three. 
The  tiaveler.  having  taken  his  seat,  enveloi)es  the  upper  portion  of  Ids 
body  in  ;i  Sight,  thin,  water-proof  shirt,  made,  1  believe,  of  seal-gut, 
■which  is  tiis-letted  to  the  rim  of  the  hole.  Thus  prepared  the  natives  do 
not  hesi!;iitt-  to  venture  out  even  in  a  very  rough  sea.  The  bidark  is 
Itroindk-^l  wcik  tlie  paddle,  and  the  skill  Avhich  tliey  attain  in  its  nmu- 
agement  i*  snrprising.  1  have  been  repeatedly  told  that  the  people  in 
the  vicinity  of  Behriug  Strait  will  turn  their  Itoats  over  and  come  up 
on  the  ttdier  side.  (Dr.  Kane  has  described  the  performance  of  the 
same  fvM  3>y  Greeulanders  in  their  kajacks.)  These  boats  diil'er  little, 
if  at  alL  faom  those  of  the  Aleuts  of  Ounalaska  Island. 

The  bi«hirra  is  also  a  skin  boat,  closely  resembling  the  bidark  in  con- 
structioH :  Imt  it  is  much  larger,  and  the  top  is  not  covered.  It  is 
usually  i»rii>iH>'lkHl  with  paddles,  but  I  have  occasionally  seen  rude  sails 
employi**!.  Simie  of  them  will  carry  lifteeu  or  twenty  i)ersons  apiece, 
and  ]H»ssBB4y  even  more.  This  boat  draws  very  little  water,  is  ex- 
tremely lijiht.  and  easily  and  rapidly  i>ropelIed,  and  has  a  great  carry- 
ing caj^jRity.  The  objection  to  it  as  a  ri\er-boat  is  that  it  is  easily 
injuri'd  Am\  not  very  readily  repaired,  and  it  retjuires  fre([uent  oiling  to 
keei>  it  i3sj5>te-rvious  to  water. 

The  biivh-bark  canoe  is  found  only  on  the  ri\Trs.  Tt  is  entirely 
unsuitAblo-  tor  coast  travel.  It  is  more  common  among  the  Indian  than 
among  Jhe  Orarian  tribes,  though  1  have  often  seen  it  among  the  Lower 
K\ i(h]i;^k>.  It  is  constructed  by  sewing,  with  spruce-roots,  a  covering 
of  birch-knk  over  a  strong  I'rame-Avork  of  wood,  and  then  carefully 
]titchiiig  !he  seams.  Thi>  largest  bark  canoes  which  I  saw  Avould  easily 
carry  four  weEi.    The  usual  size  is  designed  for  one  or  two  oidy. 

Onr  joiiraey  up  the  Anvic  lti\er  was  ma(h'  entirely  in  these  lioats, 
and  I  loiuul  them  adnurably  ada])ted  to  river  travel.  They  are  light 
and  dr.iixv  very  little  water,  and  though  easily  injured  they  are  quickly 
ri'liain-^.I.  lu  the  bow  of  each  canoe  a  little  pitch  and  birch-bark  are 
always  ki-j^t.  If  a  boat  is  injured  it  is  taken  out  of  the  water  and 
turned  uj^Mle  down.  A  small  lire  is  ([uickly  made.  If  the  hole  in  the 
boat  is  smuUl,  a  burning  brand  is  held  o\er  it  ami  a  little  pitch  incited 
ui>on  it  jiml  piessed  into  shape  with  the  wetted  ball  of  the  thumb.  If 
the  danwijn"  is  moi-e  serious,  a  patch  of  bark  is  cut  and  fastened  tirmly 
in  the  pwjH'-r  place  by  a  lay(n'  of  melted  ])itch  run  along  its  edges.  The 
natives  iMsiike  these  repairs  very  ra])idly  and  skillfully,  so  that  an  acci- 
dent oitliurtrily  causes  a  delay  of  a  few  nuiuites  o!dy. 

])uri«g4he  winter  the  natives  travel  in  shMlges  drawn  by  dogs.  The 
dogs  ;uv  of  various  colors  and  sizes.  The  i)revailing  color  on  tlie  coast 
seems  to  l»ert  light  gray.  .Vt  Eedoubt  St.  ^Nrichael's  there  was  a  number 
of  lino  !;ii-:e  dogs,  the  Kussians  having  evidentlv  taken  considerable 


EECONNAISSANX'E    OF    HIE    YUKON    KIVEIJ. 


81 


pniiis  ill  .sok'Ctiiiy  and  in'osorvinj;;'  tlie  most  proniisiiiji.  The  dojis  of  the 
natives  .generally  are  iiiiseiable  eurs.  Ivveept  when  traveliii;/.  they  are 
never  ted;  and  tliey  are.  eonse(iuentl\ ,  always  ravenous,  and  ^vill  devour 
the  most  disfi'ustinti  liltli.  They  olteii  .yo  into  the  water  and  eateli  tisli 
very  skilll'ully.  They  Avill  e;it  any  articles  eomjiosed  of  k^ither,  sueh 
as  boots  or  liariu'ss,  and  sometimes  even  ehith.  They  m  A'er  hark,  hut 
howl  dismally.  They  arc  very  eowardly.  and  always  slink  away  at  the 
a]>i)roaeh  of  a  white  man.  The  sled,i>es  are  made  ot  sjnuee,  and  most 
(»!'  those  that  I  saw  were  shod  with  hone.  I  hatl  no  opportunity  of  seeinji" 
tiie  do.ii's  in  harness,  but  I  was  informed  that  a  tt'am  usiiallj^  consists  of 
seven  doj;s,  harnessed  two  and  two,  with  one  leading-.  I'sually  a  native 
runs  before  the  team  and  leads  the  way.  in  traveling,  ])rovisions  liave 
to  be  carried  for  the  dogs  as  avcU  as  the  men;  a'.id  this  is  a  serious 
obstacle  to  long  Journeys.  When  the  country  is  in  a  projier  condition 
for  shMlge-traveling,  snow-shoes  are  a  necessity.  Those  which  I  saw 
consisted  of  a  strong  light  frame,  varying'  from  two  t(<  four  feet  in 
length,  covered  with  a  netting  of  deer  or  seal  skin. 

Tlie  time  of  year  during  which  1  Avas  among  these  tribes  was  ]iot 
favorable  for  observing' their  customs.  1  am  told  that  in  the  long  nights 
of  winter,  when  they  are  gathered  togetlier  in  their  villages,  they  indulge 
in  nuiiiy  curious  ceremonies  and  festivities. 

On  the  coast  and  at  different  points  on  the  lower  part  of  the  Yukon, 
the  Greco-Kussian  church  has  had  for  years  its  establishments  and  its 
priests,  but  I  could  see  no  traces  of  religious  influence  beyond  a  few 
natives  who  had  been  in  the  service  of  tlie  IJussian  comi)any.  Owing 
to  my  limited  opportunities,  I  did  not  become  acrpuiinted  with  any  of 
the  su])erstitions  which  these  savages,  like  all  others,  are  said  to  pos- 
sess. They  do  not  seem  to  have  any  belief  in  a  Suju'eme  Ijeing.  ami  J 
think  it  may  be  fairly  asserted  that  they  are  Avithout  a  religion. 

Finally,  these  Orarian  tribes  are  kind,  peaceable,  generous,  and  hospi 
table.  1  liad  many  oi))>ortunities  of  Judging  them  in  these  respects,  ami 
am  indebted  to  them  for  cheerful  assistance  on  many  difl'erei'.t  occasions. 
1^'D]A^'  Tiar.iis. — The  Indian  tribes  of  Avhich  1  shall  speak  are  all 
located  on  the  banks  of  the  Yukon  and  its  tributaries.  Tln-y  may,  for 
the  purpose  of  descri[»tion,  be  subdivided  into  two  classes;  the  tribes 
situatecl  on  the  river  and  below  >«'uclucayette,  ami  accustomed  to  trade 
princii)ally  hitheito  at  the  IJussian  stations,  and  those  jii-ar  or  east  of 
Fort  Yukon,  who  have  traded  principally  at  that  station  with  the  Hud- 
son Bay  Company  only. 

Tribes  heloir  XiicJiictii/efU', — The  principal  tribes  of  Avhich  I  have  any 
knowledge  are  the  liigdetes  and  the  Kuyukuks.  The  Ingelete  iieople 
occupy  both  banks  of  the  Yukon  and  its  trilnitaries,  from  a  short  dis- 
tance above  the  [Mission  to  Xiilato,  I  Avas  informed  that  one  of  their 
villages  on  the  Yukon,  about  si.\ty-li\e  miles  above  the  ^Mission,  is  called 
Mah(i!/<niuite,  but  other  exi»lorers  ha\e  given  it  the  name  of  Manhi,  and 
l>robably  on  (piite  as  good  authority.  Their  uiost  important  Aillage. 
however,  is  Auvic,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  AuaIc  lvi\'er,  and  they 
have  several  villages  on  the  banks  of  that  stream. 

At  first  observation  this  people  nught  be  classitied  as  Orarian.  Theii 
character,  customs,  ami  appearance  closely  resemble  those  of  the  coast 
natives;  but  their  language  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  Kuyukuks. 
Avhile  it  is  entirely  dilferent  from  the  Orarian  dialects,  containing.  1 
believe,  no  Avords  in  common  Avith  them.  Their  villages  and  houses  do 
not  differ  materially  from  those  already  described.  They  wear  tlu'same 
dress  as  the  coast  tribes,  and  Inne  the  simie  disregard  tor  oinaments. 
Those  on  the  Anvic  l{i\  er  occasionally  cross  a  ])ortage  to  the  coast,  and 


f 

4 


.i 


I 


32 


RliCONXAlSSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    IIIVER. 


trade  at  Ivodoubt  St.  ]\[ieliiiers,  and  this  intercourse  probably  accounts 
tor  the  similarities  referred  to.  Indeed,!  should  remark  that  uhat  I 
have  said  ai)i)lies  to  the  ln,neletes  of  the  Anvic  and  YiUcon,  and  may  not 
be  true  of  the  subdivisions  of  this  family  fartlnH-  to  the  eastward. 

The  ])rineii»al  Inuelete  tribe  east  of  the  Vu]<on  is  tiie  Shauelook  tribe, 
situated  on  the  I)anks  of  the  (ireat  Hhayelook  Slough  and  JJiver.  1  iim 
informed  that  they  are  su[)erior  in  many  resjieets  to  the  Ingeh'tes  of  the 
Vukon.  They  are  said  to  be  -warlike,  enterprisin.u',  and  intelligent. 
Hunting  is  their  chief  nu-ans  of  livelihood.  T!iey  wciir  a  deer-skin  dress, 
and  are  addicted  to  ornaments.  In  a  word,  tlie  charncteristies  which 
they  exhibit  are  decidedly  Iiulian,  while  those  of  the  other  Ingeletesare 
as  decidedly  Omr'nin. 

The  Ingeletes  of  the  Vukon,  like  all  the  Iiidians  on  the  lower  portion 
of  the  river,  are  much  less  active  and  energetic  than  tiie  natives  of  the 
<*oast.  J)rawiiigtheirentire  subsistence  wit ii  little  laboi"  from  the  waters 
of  the  great  river,  tliey  seem  utterly  destittUc  of  ambition  and  of  any 
desire  to  imi)rove  tluir  condition.  Cowardly  and  degraded  in  the  ex- 
treme, they  li^•e  in  constant  dread  of  the  Indians  who  inliabittlie  higher 
portions  of  the  rixer.  Nevertheless  tliey  are  remarkably  honest,  good- 
natiu'cd,  hospitable,  and  generous. 

The  Indians  between  Nulato  ami  yuclucayette.  at  \\\v  mouth  of  the 
Tanain'i  River,  were  usually  called  by  the  Russians,  Kuijukuiiskl.  The 
name  Kiiyid-iik  belongs  i)r(t[)erly,  however,  to  a  ])owerful  tribe  inhabiting 
the  l)anks  of  the  Ivuyukuk  ui\'er,  a  large  tributary,  ^\llich  eutei'.s  the 
Vukon  iVom  the  north,  about  twenty-two  miles  above  Xulato.  l>uring 
the  summer  many  of  their  fishing-camps  arc  seen  ou  the  baidvs  of  the 
Yukon.  Other  ti'ibes  may  be  ix-casioiially  met  w  itli  on  this  ])art  of  the 
ri\'er,  but  this  is  certainly  by  far  the  most  important.  In  dress,  eustoms, 
and  ai>pearance,  these  ])eople  do  iu)t  differ  materially  from  the  Ingeletes. 
The  languages  of  the  two  tribes  are  clearly  allied.  In  character,  liow- 
e\er,  the  dilfcrence  is  decided.  They  ]»os.sess  few,  if  any,  of  the  good 
traits  which  I  have  ascribed  to  the  lower  tribes.  They  are  very  cow- 
ardly, but  at  the  same  time  cruel  aiul  treacherous,  ^o  troubh;  has 
been  experienced  from  them  <luring  late  years;  but  in  the  year  ISoi 
they  matle  a  descent  upon  the  Jfussian  trading-station  at  Fort  Is'ulato. 
killed  lU'arly  all  the  garrison,  ami  almost  extei'ininated  a  tribe  of  Inge- 
letes, whose  village  was  near  the  fort,  I  could  not  iind  any  one  in  the 
Territory  who  could  give  me  a  detailed  and  trustw(n'thy  narrative  of 
this  occurreiu'e,  and  I  am  unable  to  resist  the  temptation  to  ([iu>te  entire 
Mv.  iJalTs  grai)hie  account,  which  wis  undoul)tedly  obtained  from  rclia- 
bli  liUssian  s(tnrces.  In  memory  of  a  brave  oiUcer,  whose  assassins  still 
remain  unpunished,  the  story  nmy  well  be  repeated: 

For  feu  years,  tliouoli  l'r('(|iui!tly  lIinatoiUMl.  tlic  little  setllenioiit  esciiped  injury, 
Deniijiii  iiieaiiwliile  earryin.u- on  a  lucrative  traflic  willi  ilie  natives  lor  furs.  Jn  the 
spriuii-  of  ls.')l,  Lieutenant  iSarnard,  of  her  Majesty's  steiinier  i^nterpiise,  arrived  at 
Xulato  with  the  liidarshik,  iu  search  of  iaforniatioii  with  rciiard  to  the  fate  of  Sir  .John 
I'rankliu.  JTe  was  a  nienilier  of  Cajitain  C'olliuson'.s  ex|)editioii.  and,  with  Mr.  Adanrs, 
a  surgeon,  and  one  man,  had  lieeii  left  hy  the  Fnter]»rise  at  St.  ^MiehaeTs  the  ]ircceiliug 
fall,  iiein;;-  probably  a  blunt,  straij;htforward  Kunlishiuan,  with  no  knowledji'e  of  bi- 
(liau  character  an<l  sns](icion,  ho  made  the  lemark  iu  the  ]neseuce  of  others  tliat  he 
intended  to  '•send''  for  the  ]irineipal  chief  of  the  Koyukun  trilie  of  Indians,  -whose  head- 
quarters were  on  tlie  Koytikuk  and  Kotelkakat  Jvivers,  and  who  were  then  huldiuij  ono 
of  their  annual  festivals,  about  twenty-live  miles  from  Nulato.  This  unfortunately 
Avorded  remark  was  conveyed  to  the  chief  iu  question,  throujih  some  of  the  Indians  at 
the  post,  by  a  i»assiug  native.  This  chief  was  the  most  Avealthy  and  intlucntial  in  that 
])art  of  the  country,  widely  known  and  distinnuishcd  by  a  remarkably  lar<tc  and  promi- 
Jient  Koinun  nose,  from  which  ho  had  received  a  name  which,  literally  translated,  means 
"hnmp-backcd  nose."  Ho  was  not  accustomed  to  bo  "  sent"  for.  When  the  llnssians 
desired  to  sec  him  they  respectfully  refpiestcd  the  honor  of  his  presence.     His  Iudiai\ 


/ 


I 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF   THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


8d 


/■ 


priilc  rose  ii(  tlic  insult,  and  lie  iniinediiitely  called  a  council  to  discuss  the  rnmov.  Tli<^ 
Hlianiaiis  \vcr<'  of  course  tirst  consulted,  and  fliey  nnaninionsly  (ie<'!ared  that  it  hoiled 
no  irood  (o  the  chiet"  in  (inestion.  The  council  then  decided  that  if  the  re|i()rt  proved 
true  they  wonlfl.  with  all  the  Indians  tlii'ri!  asseinldcd,  go  toj;ether  to  tlm  fort  and 
•leniiind  satisfaction.  They  waited  some  time,  and  linally  were  ahont  to  disjicrse  to 
tiieir  homes  when  a  sinfjih^  doj^-sled  apiteareil  on  the  river.  This  sled  was  accompanied 
hy  Ivan  MulejriM,a  Ifnssian,  and  an  Indian  workman  of  the  Nulato  trihe,  who  had  hc-eu 
sent  u])  to  set!  if  any  information  weiis  attainaldc,  and,  if  so,  to  l)rin<5  down  the  Tyiine 
of  Koyiiliuk.  'l"he  ill-fiiteil  Hiilegin  drew  his  sled  up  on  the  hank,  siMidinj;-  the  Indian 
who  accompanied  him  for  water  to  hoil  the  chynik.  Sittinj^  down  on  his  sled  to  rest 
himself,  he  was  a]t))roached  stealthily  from  l)ehind,  and,  lieine-  struck  on  the  head  with 
an  ax.  or  clnh.  was  instantly  killed.  'I'he  sled  was  dra<rjj,t'd  aw.iy  and  ]>lundered;  when 
the  Nulato  Indian  returned  and  8a\N  what  had  heen  done  he  turned  to  run,  l)Ut  the 
Koyukuns  caiied  to  him,  saying,  ''Are  you  not  one  of  us .'  We  will  not  hurt  you."' 
Ov(!rc()me  hy  tear,  he  returned  and  unwillingly  assisted  in  the  atrocity  which  folhiwed. 
Ihllegiirs  hody  wa  •  stripped,  the  tlesh  cut  in  slices  from  the  hones,  and  the  savages, 
infur'ated  liki!  wild  ainmals  hy  the  sight  td"  blood,  roasted  these  remains  and  devoured 
them.  An  Indian,  who  noticed  the  reluctance  with  whicli  Jhilegin's  (;omi)aniou  Joined 
in  the  hurried  feast,  crei)t  nj*  behind  him  and  drove  his  knile  up  to  the  hilt  in  his  neck. 
Th(!  fighting-men  jiresent  llieii  strii>i)ed  themselves  of  all  incund)rances  except  their 
bows  and  arrows,  Mn<l  putting  on  their  sm)w-shoes  set  out  at  once  for  Nulato.  I^ess 
than  a  luilf  mile  lielow  the  trading-]iost  were  three  l.irge  winter-houses  crowded  with 
Ingaliks  of  the  Aiilato  triijc,  in  all  about  a  humlred  men,  W(»men,  and  children.  Tliesc 
houses  were  situated  near  the  river  bank,  a  few  rods  northeast  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Nulato  Kiver.  It  Iteing  in  the  month  of  February  and  an  unusually  warm  sluing,  the 
Nulato  Indians  had  taken  the  precaution  to  clear  away  the  snow  from  abo\-e  their 
birch-hark  canoes,  forty  or  lifty  of  which  were  lying  about.  Intending  to  forestall 
retaliation  for  tht.'  death  of  Hiilegin's  compainon,  the  Koyukuns  ai>]U'oached  with  the 
greatest  (luietness.  not  to  disturb  the  shn'ping  inmatt.'s.  The  canoes  wi're  seized,  broken 
up,  thrust  into  the  apertures  in,»the  roofs  and  the  narrow  uiuUrground  entrances  <d' 
the  houses,  and  tired.  The  frightened  inhabitants,  wakened  by  the  m)ise  and  crack- 
ling of  the  flames,  endeavored  vainly  to  force  a  ])assage  through  the  fire.  Sonu'  of 
the  nu'U,  seizing  axes,  cut  their  way  out  through  the  wooden  walls,  but  were  merci- 
lessly shot  down  by  the  arrow.s  oi'  the  Koyukuns.  ilany  were  suffocated  in  the  smoke. 
A  lew  W()men  were  taken  by  the  victors,  and  one  or  two  children  W(>re,  able  to  save 
themselves  in  the  woods,  through  the  negligence  or  ])ity  of  the  conquerors. 

A  young  nnin  called  Wolasatux,  renowned  for  his  skill  with  tlu^  bow,  escaped  to 
the  mountains,  ehnling  the  vigilance  of  the  pursuers  by  his  .swifliu'ss  of  foot.  All  the 
rest  wert!  snu)thered  or  fell  beneath  the  knivtis  and  arrows  of  the  assailants.  But  lit- 
tle noise  was  made,  except  by  the  screums  of  the  women  and  shouts  of  the  destroyers, 
tor  at  that  time  the  Indians  had  no  guns.  The  -slundjcrs  of  the  Russians  were  not 
disturbed. 

It  is  said  that  two  Indian  women,  who  were  employed  at  the  fort,  having  risen  early 
to  boil  tlie  chyniks  for  the  morinngmeal,  heard  and  understood  the  crirs  of  the  victims, 
but,  overcome  by  fear  and  anguish  at  the  death  of  tlieir  kindred,  stupidly  shut  them- 
selves into  the  cook-house;  and  did  not  alarm  tin;  Knssians. 

The  Koyukuns  next  made  for  the  trading-post  and  found  the  bidarshik,,] list  risen, 
sitting  behind  one  of  the  houses.  Saying  to  Ivan,  one  of  their  tribe,  wh(»  hiid  been  em- 
ployed at  the  fort  as  interpreter,  "If  you  do  not  kill  the  bidarshik,  we  will  kill  you," 
they  forced  him  to  consent.  He  approached  Dc^rabin  and  stabbed  him  in  the  back 
repeatedly,  so  that  he  fell  to  rise  no  more.  The  Russian  interpreter,  a  man  said  to  have 
iind((rst('od  seven  languages, happening vo come  out,  saw  the  act,  and  turning  iiuiirined 
to  the  Indians  uplu'aided  them  for  the  nnirder,  but  fell  in  the  doorway  pierced  with 
seven  airows.  Rushing  over  his  prostrate  body,  they  t'litered  the  house.  IJarnard  was 
lying  on  his  bed  reading;  at  the  sight  of  tlu^  hostile  Indians  he  raised  hims(df  up  to 
reach  his  gun,  which  hung  above  his  head.  Twice  he  fired,  and  twice  the  barrel  was 
struck  upward,  the  balls  taking  effect  in  the  ceiling.  An  Indian  shaman,  christened 
Larridwn  by  the  Russians,  and  his  brotlier  seized  the  arms,  and  one  plunged  his  knife 
into  the  Englishman's  abdomen,  so  that  when  it  was  withdrawn  the  intestines  fol- 
h)wt>d  it,  and  he  fell  back  mortally  wounded.  Sciveral  shots  were  firtnl,  and  one 
struck  Larridwn  in  the  groin.  Three  children  and  their  mother  were  killed ;  their 
father,  Teleczhik,  being  absent  in  the  Kfiviak  Peninsula,  as  interpreter,  with  Captain 
Bedford  Fim. 

Leaving  the  bidarsluk's  house,  the  Indians  next  attacked  tho  casdvmer  ov  room  where 
tlie  workmen  lived,  where  there  were  two  Russians  and  several  Creoles.  They  had 
barricaded  the  door,  and,  being  at  some  distance  from  the  other  house,  knew  nothing 
that  had  happened.  One  of  them  aimed  through  the  wiiulow  at  the  crowd  of  Indians ; 
when  the  other,  hoping  to  avoid  bloodshed,  advised  him  to  tire  above  their  htiads,  in 
liope  that  tiiey  would  disperse  The  crowd  separated,  but  did  m»t  retreat,  and  only 
answered  by  a  shower  of  arrows.    The  next  shot,  better  aimed,  killeil  one  of  the  ludi- 

S.  Ex.  12 3 


84 


RKCONXAISSANCK    OF   THE    YUKON    RIVKR. 


I 
*  If 


ir 


4i 


L    I 


?     1 


iuis,  wlu'ii  !i  piiiiic  scciiiftl  to  "ifizi'  tlifiii.  aii'l  tln-y  iimiii'tliatfly  rctiviitcil  witli  tlirir  lionty 
iiiid  ]irisniii'is  to  Koyi'ilviik.  l.m  ri(>\vii  sat  in  ;;n-at  aiioiiy  in  tin-  tnitt-r  room  of  tlic  hidiir- 
sliik'.s  lioiisf.  A  IJiissian  lay  in  tlif  inner  I'ooin.  lii-lpli-ss  from  fi-vcr.  wlio  liail  liccn  ovcr- 
lookid  l)y  till"  Jntlians  in  tilt  rxiitrmint.  His  witV.  an  Imliaii  woman,  iianifd  Maria, 
l>ron;jlit  liim  a  loailt'd  ]>istol,  and  lidd  liiin  n]>  wliilc  In-  tiird  at  tin-  sliamiin.  His  trcm- 
Idin^  hand  conld  not  dirict  tlic  liall,  and  l.arriown  dra;:y;(d  liiinsclf  ont  to  tlic  rixcr 
hank.  HiTi'  In-  fonnd  a  l\oyiiknn  woman,  who  had  linn  .slaying  at  the  fort,  witli  hiT 
bal»y  on  a  little  sIimI.  wliicli  she  was  drawing  l>y  a  hand  over  her  forclii'ad.  He  threw 
the  child  into  the  snow,  and  ordered  her  to  draw  liim  to  Koyiiknk.  She  refnsed.  and 
he  stahhed  her  to  the  heart.  How  he  linally  ;;ot  away  no  on<'  knows.  Thus  ended 
the  Xnlato  massacre. 

An  In^inlik,  named  Lt'ifka.  was  sent  hy  the  ]?ussiaiis  with  a  letter  to  the  redonht. 
He  jdaci'd  it  in  his  hoot  foitnnately,  lor  he  was  stoi>i>ed  on  the  river  ami  searched  by 
two  Koyi'iknns,  who  sns]iected  his  errand.     I'indin;^  nothinj;,  they  let  him  «fy. 

Mr.  Adams,  the  siii<>t'on,  immediately  startetl,  with  'l"ele(V.hik  and  a  jiarty  of  Rii.s- 
sians,  tor  Nnlato.  ('a)itain  Tim.  having;  retnrned  from  his  iidventurous  Journey  frost- 
bitten, ronid  not  aecom])any  him.  and  renniiiied  .at  I'nalakiik. 

The  J\nssians  had  sewed  n]i  the  \\<innds:  bat  before  Mr.  Adams  arrived.  Ivientenant 
liarnard  was  <lead.  It  only  remained  tor  him  to  iierform  the  last  sad  oflice.s  and  to 
erect  a  cross  ovei'  his  urave,  with  the  following  inscrijition : 

"  Lientenant  .).  ■).  liarnard,  of  H.  M.  Knterprise.  killed  Feb.  10,  l.S'd,  by  the  Koukiik 
Indians.— !-'.  A." 

The  Rnssian  Ann>rlcan  C'omipaii> .  as  is  the  wont  of  trading  roni])anies,  ne\  ei'  took 
jmy  measnres  of  retaliation  for  this  massacre.  Larrii'iwn  and  Ivan,  the  mnrderers  of 
the  bidarshik,  are  fre(|nent  visitors  at  the  fort.  I'resents  were  sent  ti.  the  Koyilknw 
chiefs,  and  there  the  matter  ended.  A  stockaih'd  fort  was  soon  built  tm  the  present 
site,  and  the  i^ravi's  of  liarnard  and  Derabin  lie  a  stone's  throw  beliind  it.  Tiie  excava- 
tions where  the  Indian  honses  stood  are  still  to  be  .seen,  ami  form  the  jfraves  of  those 
natives  who  perished  by  the  massacre. 

TIk'  t'oiiiidt'to  suct't'ssof  tlii."<  alliiir  \i.\s  luidoiibtedly  hcoii  tlio  occasion 
of  wliiit  I  tiikc  to  bo  tlio  most  proiiiiiieiit  clianicteristic  of  this  tribe — 
tlicii"  iiitolcvablc  iiisoleiico.  They  l«»ok  at  si  straiif!,er  uith  an  iiiii»iuleiit, 
lialf-tbieatciiiiij;'  staiv.  Tliey  air,  hoAvc-ver,  too  cowardly  to  oifcr  open 
viob'iicc.  Tlicy  arc  sometimes,  althmioh  not  usually,  di.slioue.st.  One 
of  them,  liavino'  appropriatctl  some  small  articles,  received  a  sound 
thrashiiio-  from  an  American  tnider  «»f  our  party,  to  lii.s  intense  disgust 
and  astonishment;  but  he  made  no  resistaii<e. 

The  i)eoj)le  who  inhabit  the  banks  of  the  Tanana  Kiver,  the  i)rincii)al 
trilmtary  of  the  Yukon,  are  calle<l  TcnanKiifvhin,*  ("People  af  tiie  .^ronn- 
tains,")  and  are  known  at  Fort  Vnkon  as  Gens  (hs  Buttcs.  They  do  not 
fretpient  tin;  Yukon  durin;;"  the  summer;  and,  consetpiently,  1  saw  very 
tew  «)f  them.  In  the  early  sj)riiio  they  descend  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Tanami,  and  make  their  cam[>s  at  Xuducayette,  where  they  meet  the 
traders  and  dispose  of  the  furs  which  they  have  collected  tlurino'  the 
winter.  They  are  said  to  be  active,  intellijicnt,  and  enter] ui si njj^;  but 
violent  and  warlike.  They  live  principally  by  liuiitin<>'.  They  are  much 
addicted  to  the  use  of  ornaments,  such  as  beads  and  feathers. 

The  iuHuonce  of  the  llussian  church  (if  it  had  any  influence)  did  not 
extend  beyond  Nulato;  and  no  attempt  has  ever  been  made  to  in.struct 
or  civilize  the  Indians  of  this  ])art  of  the  river.  Their  superstitions  are 
endless:  every  tribe  has  its  metlicine-man.  But  I  had  no  opportunity  to 
obtain  any  connected  idea  of  their  beliefs  or  worship.s. 

The  Teiian-Kutchin  and  the  Indian.s  of  Fort  Y'ukon  are  occasionally 
met  with  between  Xuducayette  ami  the  Hamparts.  IJeyond  this  point 
there  are  no  Indiiins  until  we  arrive  at  Fort  Y'ukon. 

The  principal  trilies  which  have  been  acMistomed  to  trade  at  this  post 
are  the  Kofclid-Kutchin,  (or  "Low-lander.s,")  who  live  between  the  Por- 
cupine and  Y'ukon  Kivers  near  their  junction;  the  Hun-Kutcliin,  or  Gens 

*  I  jj;ive  this  name  <iii  the  authority  of  Mr.  Dall.  as  I  did  not  happen  to  hear  it  applied 
to  them.     There  can  be  uo  doubt  that  this  is  oue  of  the  Kiitchin  tribe.s. 


RECONXAISSAXCE    OF    TMK    Yl'KON    RIVKR. 


35 


fh's  Jim's.  ;iih1  tlic  Ttitclionr  Ki(tchiii,*  i)V  (lens  (l< s  JuiK.r.  who  iiilialiit  tin' 
Tiipcr  ViiUtMi:  and  t\w  I'orcupiiics,  or  <»'r«.v  ilr  Ji'at,  who  liv«Mii»(»ii  thi- 
hanks  of  thf  INnciipinc  or  iJaf  i;i\('r.  TIicic  arc  undoiihtcdi.v  (tthcf 
tiilM's.  hilt  these  are  all  tliat  I  have  noted.  Tliese  tiiltes  have  all  been 
eiassitied  ninlerthe  head  otA'or///^///  Tiniiilt.]  Al  I-'ort  Yukon  the  jieiiera! 
iiaineot  Loucln  ii.r  is  app!ie(|  to  them.  1  had  no  opportunities  of  \  isitiii;; 
any  of  tlieif  \  illa.iics.  wlii<-h  are  all  distant  from  the  tort,  and  eonse- 
(pieiitly  I  know  very  little  about  them.  A  \'vw  tradinn'  parties  eame  to 
the  station  diirin^i  onr  visit,  and  amonji'  them  wer«'  the  tinest  hnlians 
that  I  havt' ever  seen.  'I'lie  women  are  virtuous:  the  men  are  brave, 
manly.  intelli<;-ent,  and  enterprising-.  They  are  said  to  be  essj-ntially  a 
eommereial  people,  tradin,ii'  for  furs  with  other  tribes  and  disposin.u'  of 
them  a,i;ain  to  the  white  traders.  Some  of  them  were  very  much  inter- 
ested in  my  operations,  and  I  found  no  dillieulty  in  makinj^'  them  eom- 
l>rehend.  tlirou^h  an  interpreter,  the  {general  method  and  ]Mirpose  of  my 
astronomical  observations,  hnleed,  they  are  aeeustomed  to  note  time 
ron;;hly  Ity  the  relative  i»ositions  of  stars.  Their  elothinji'  is  of  moose- 
skin,  with  the  oxeei»tion  of  a  few  arti<'les  which  they  obtain  l>y  trade. 
They  fish  little,  and  are  almost  exclusively  enj^au  'd  in  tra<lin,ii'  turs  and 
huntin^i'  the  moose,  which  abounds  in  these  parts. 

I-'or  a  ninnbcr  of  years  past  a  missionary  of  tlu  Chtirch  of  l-Jiyland 
lias  iieen  stationed  at  this  ])ost.  The  intluence  w  liich  he  has  exerted  has 
been  of  ureat  benefit  to  the  natives;  and  altiiouiih  little  has  been  done 
toward  civilizing' them,  they  far  surpass  all  the  other  tribes  of  the  river. 


CHAPTER    IV 


TRADE  OF  IICDSOX  J3AY  COMPANY— IJUILDINdS. 


The  only  establishment  which  the  lliulson  IJay  Com])any  has  occupied 
on  the  Yukon  River  <luring'  late  years  was  Fort  Yukon.  In  the  yeai' 
1S47  employes  of  tlu^  company  descended  the  Porcu]>ine  Jii^cr  anil 
established  this  station  at  its  mouth.  Trading;'  <;dods  and  su[)plies  were 
brou^iht  from  Fort  !Simi>son,  on  the  Mackenzie,  to  Lapierre  House,  on 
the  Porcupine,  to  which  place  ii  i>arty  from  Fort  Yukon  annually  ascended 
to  receive  them  and  deliver  their  furs. 

The  force  at  the  station  usjtally  consisted  of  one  chief  trader  and  two 
or  three  men.  The  chief  trailer  received  about  JCIOO,  the  n»en  about  £."> 
each  i»er  annum.  Whenever  any  material  was  needed  for  elothin.^', 
whether  buckskin,  fur,  or  cloth,  it  was  purchased  at  a  fixed,  and  usually 
pretty  hiyh,  price  from  the  company.  The  men  were  not  allowed,  under 
any  circumstances,  to  trade  with  the  Iiulians  on  their  own  account. 

Owinj^C  to  the  diflicidty  of  trans[)ortation,  the  supplies  sent  to  this 
.station  were  very  limited  in  <juantity.  The  chief  tra«ler  received  an 
allowance  of  tea  sntttcient  to  hist  a  year,  and  sufUcient  suyar  and  flour 
to  last  a  month  or  two.  The  uuni  received  only  an  allowance  of  tea. 
All  (tther  sn[)plies  were  drawn  from  the  country. 

From  this  brief  statement  it  will  ap[>ear  that  the  business  of  the 
station  was  conducted  on  the  lowest  possible  scale  of  expense. 

The  skins  obtained  were  principally  those  of  the  stune-nuuten  or 
Amerieun  .sable,  mink,  beaver,  otter,  black  bear,  white,  red,  black,  and 

*  I  Itonow  tliis  iiaiue  also  IVoiii  Mr.  Dall,  as  tlie  latter  iiaine  ouly  was  uutud, 
t  Beruartl  K.  Ross,  esi^.,  Suiitlisouian  Report,  18(56,  page  303. 


EECON.VAI.SSANCE    OF   THE    YUKON    HIVKK. 


\l 


I   'I 
f      I 


h\ 


silvJT  ^t;jy  f<i«*^  Tilt'  most  Viilii;ilthr  skins  jiic,  I  Im-Ijcvc.  those  of  tlic 
Idiick  iiiid  tli4-»ilv»'r-;ii;iy  l'o\.  coiiipiiriitivcly  lew  ofwliicli  are  oi)tiiiiM'(l : 
iiinl  next  U*  l!i«-*«-  arn  the  beaver  and  stone-inaifeii. 

Lit  lie  oi  no  tr.i{»|»iii;^  was  done  l>y  white  men.  The  fuis  were  alin<»st 
wiiiiuiit  e\i-<-j»iii«»ti  oljtained  1)\  l>aiter  IVoni  the  natives,  A  re;4niai- seale 
ol  ]»i  ices  \\si>«-i»l:il»ljj»h»»l.  the  hesiver-skiii  heinj^  the  standaisl.  Thus  the 
jiiice  ot'  a  ::uii  wa.*  fiijilireen  skins.  If  inai'tens  were  olVered  tliey  were 
taken  at  tlie  r.iit-  of  two  to  one  heaver  skin,  and  interior  tins  were 
received  ill  H  )>3iuiliii'  iiiaiiiier,  aeeordin;;'  to  their  rehitixc  value. 

The  1<t]]i>wsii-^  li>r  sfiMws  the  kind  of  .u'oods  at  I'ort  N'nkon  in  the  v«'ar 
l>(»!t:  (iiiij-.  «I«»ii"»Le  uiitl  sin;ile  l)arrel,  niaih'  in  London:  pocki-t  knivi  s, 
one  and  tvu»  )»Iii[tK^^:  [laiits,  ordinary  and  line;  wjiite  Ihninel  >hirts; 
red  liauiiel  >hsM.^:  ••alira  >hirts:  "yacht"  shirts;  prints;  liea\y  ch>th: 
hlue  stri]K-<l  ilniji;:et ;  wliite  striped  drny^ict ;  shawls,  hi!';:e  and  sinall : 
cotton  diill:  Ijiiillets.  twenty  ei.uht  to  the  pound  ;  shot,  Xo.  4  :  Imteher- 
laiives:  tin  jmii*, various  sizes;  tin  cups;  metal  liuttons;  pearl  luittous; 
linen  thread,  j^keimsaitd  spool ;  silk  handkerchiefs;  cotton  handkerchiet's; 
silver  rin;:s:  «-a|N>tes.  (overcoats;)  neck-handkerchiefs,  (Itlaek  ;)  Tails 
neckties:  Eii;iii.s6i  Mfs:  Camidiau  belts;  <;unpowder;  libbon,  iwide;) 
ribbon.  iijaM«j»w.i  With  the  e.\ce[)tioii  of  j;mj]>owder,  of  which  al»out 
one  tii<»usaii<l  two  hundred  pounds  were  disposed  of  annually,  there  were 
but  small  oiKiirtities  of  these  articles  on  hand,  the  dilliciilty  of  traiis- 
lioitiny  ;i<»<Hi>  fir»«m  York  Factory  to  Fort  Yukon  i)reveiitin;i'  the  imi»or- 
tatioii  of  larj:«- >Ki»i>lies. 

Tuis  weiv  «»5»i;«tjied  at  this  station  in  two  ways — tirst,  Ity  ti-ade  with 
the  tribes  iu3i;iil»iurt;:'  the  vicinity  and  thos<'  on  the  I'orcupiue  and  I'pper 
Yukon:  and.  x-  >)rid.  I»y  descendinj;" the  ri\er  in  boats  early  in  the  spring; 
and  tradiij;:  «bj1i  the  tribes  at  Nuclucayette.  Probably  about  half  the 
furs  annually  c«jiS«»^:ted  at  this  station  were  i)urchased  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Tanaiia- 

From  tli<-  iiiaiM^riVit  data  which  1  havi'  been  able  to  obtain  it  is  ditll- 
eult  to  lix  vt'nh  atiythiii,!;-  like  accuracy  the  annual  trade  at  this  statimi. 
It  has  JK'i-'ii  e^liiuiated  at  ten  thousand  skins,  a  number  which  is  i»erliai»s 
s(nii(  what  in  ex«-»*sH  «>f  the  truth.  Five  thousand  skins,  iiiinci|)ally 
martens,  mf  .^mjii  to  have  been  purchased  by  F^nylish  traders  in  the 
sprin;^  of  iNiiiirai  yuducayette. 

The  fur  inmle  on  the  lower  portion  of  the  river  below  NueUicayette 
was  c(»iiduet«-^l.  furevious  to  the  transfer  of  the  territory,  entirely  l»y  the 
lliissiaii  Aijju-iiti-ait  < 'lunpany.  This  company  had  a  number  of  stations 
on  the  rixfr  ami  i-tKist.  the  prin«'i|)al  of  winch  were  Unahn-hleet.  St, 
]\lichaers.  An«lr»-;ivsky.  Mission,  and  ^'ulato.  As  the  employi's  of  this 
coiniiaiJ\  L:a«5  Jt-tt  the  country  before  my  a?]i\'al,  there  were  no  sources 
of  inforiii;<li«jtn  tioiii  which  to  estimate  the  amount  of  trade.  From  the 
best  intoniiaiion  wliich  I  could  obtain.  Am;  ruan  traders,  in  the  season 
of  is<is_*<}i».  j"(i»il«-eled  about  ten  thousand  .sivins  between  ^Xuelncayette 
and  the  itKiift. 

The  buil<lin$!H  on  St.  ^lichaers  Island  (Michaelovski)  consist  of  the 
''redoubt."  a  ^niall  chapel  belonj>iii};'  to  the  (Ireek  church,  and  two  or 
three  sin;i!l  lojj-lionses  put  up  by  American  traders, 

Tiiel»ui]<Ii3ii;;swFiicli  constitute  what  is  called  the  "redoubt"  ri>resnnie 
to  be,  under  the  tiTnis  of  the  treaty  of  cession,  the  ])roperty  of  the  United 
States,  ivffmeil  to  in  my  instructions  as  jinblic  buildin>>s.  They  are  all 
within  a  iie<f-tans;idar  inelosure,  formed  partly  by  the  buildinjifs  themselves 
and  jtartly  J»y  a  s^ttxkade.  The  stockade  is  loop-holed  and  the  inelosure 
llanked  by  two  small  towers. 

The  hum**  sav  constructed  of  drift-logs.    The  following  list  exhibits 


TIECOXXAISSANCE    OP    THE    Yl'IvON    RIVEU. 


37 


■,.lr 
(  re 


•ts; 


tlioir  iiuinluT,  ('ii|>iH'ity,  nml  (Muidifion  :  TIir(<'  stKroliousi's,  two  in  ;;(kii| 
order,  oin'  in  iici'd  nf  rcpiiir;  oiu*  hiiriiick  toi- iiiiiiiiHTicd  iiii'ii.  two  rooms, 
eoiild  iic('otiiiiiod;itc  twenty  men,  in  jiood  eundirion  :  one  Itiirrnek  for  mai- 
ried  men,  om^  hirj;"  and  one  sniiill  room,  needs  repair;  one  house,  tout' 
small  rooms,  in  <>'ood condition;  one  lionse,  two  rooms,  in  <;'ood  condition; 
one  lionse,  lonr  rooms,  in  ^ood  condition;  one  hatli-liouse,  two  small 
rooms,  needs  repair. 

At  irnala<*ldeet,  Andreavsky,  >rission,  Xidato,  and  I'ort  Vuk(»n.  then^ 
are  also  lo^'  liuildinjis  wliieii  are  presumed  to  Itepnltlic  pioperty.  Tliey 
ai'<'  all  in  poor  condition,  except  those  at  Fort  Vnkon,  which  arc  snpeiiir 
to  any  others  on  the  river.     Thev  are  of  no  value  to  the  (rovernment. 


CHAPTKU   V. 
KKSOUliCES  OF  Till-:  COrXTlIY. 

The  information  whictli  I  have  been  able  to  c(»llect  concerninji'  the  re- 
sources of  the  Yukon  River  is  too  uncertain  and  limite(l  to  Justify  delinite 
('(•nclusions.  The  remarks  which  follow  will  therefore  be  very  jicneral 
in  character,  and  the  opinions  w  hi(;h  I  advance  may  be  much  modilied 
when  more  accurate  statistics  are  (►btained. 

In  the  examination  of  this  subject  the  fur  trade  demands  the  tirst  con- 
sideration. Indeed,  it  is  the  oiily  resource  of  the  country  as  yet  devel- 
o[>ed.  This  trade  has  been  heretotbre  in  the  hands  of  two  companies, 
the  ITiidson  Bay  Company,  havinjn"  one  station  at  Fort  Yukon,  anil  the 
IJussian  American  Company,  liaviny;  various  stations  alony  the  lower 
part  <»f  the  river  and  on  the  coast. 

I  have  before  remarked  that  the  trade  of  the  IIu<lson  l>ay  Company 
was  carried  on  at  the  very  minimmn  of  expense,  and  tin?  same  may  be 
said  with  reference  to  the  Russian  company.  The  Russian  forc<'  on  the 
Yukon  consisted  principally  of  ukmi  sent  trom  various  places  in  tlie  Ter- 
ritory who  ha<l  been  fiuilty  of  crimes  and  misdemeamu's.  The  Fnjilish 
force  at  Fort  Yukon  consisted  of  nu'U  far  from  civilization,  without  means 
of  trans[)ortation,  and  usually,  by  reason  (►f  del)t,  in  the  pinver  (»f  the 
company.     The  emi)loyes  of  both  companies  were  piactically  slaves. 

It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  rennirk  that  the  business  of  collectinji  furs 
cannot  be  combicted  in  this  way  Ity  Americans,  in  the  summer  of  b'^tt!> 
trailers  in  the  emplo.v  of  ^Vmeiican  companies  were  reeeivinji'  from  sso 
to  '"^lOb  i)er  month  in  coin,  while  men  occnpyinj>' corresp<Midin,ii' positions 
in  the  JIudson  Jiay  Com[)any  were  paid  £'>  iK-r  annum.  Th«'  former 
recpiinnl  a  larj»e  and  expensive  variety  of  sui>i»lies,  ami  could  not  be 
enji'af^ed  on  any  other  terms.  The  latter  may  be  said  to  have  practically 
subsisted  on  the  country. 

It  is  to  be  renuirked  that  the  Hudson  Bay  Com]>any,  in  abandoning' 
its  station,  does  not  necessarily  lose  the  trade  which  it  enjoyed  at  Fort 
Yidcon.  A  large  i)ortion  of  the  business  was  conducted  witli  tiii)es  liv- 
ing' in  or  near  the  English  territory,  and  these  people,  having  been 
ac^customed  to  trade  with  the  company  for  nmny  years,  will  carry  theii' 
furs  to  La|)ierre  House,  on  the  I'orcnpine,  or  to  tlie  new  station  w  hich 
will  probai)ly  be  constructed  near  the  boundary. 

The  trad(;  which  will  be  controlled  by  Americans  will  then'fbre  be  iiiat 
of  the  Kussian  company,  increased  by  the  number  of  skins  annually 


^^iJMi^gj^ 


38 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


to: 


I 


ohtiiined  by  the  l^iijilisli  nt  Xucliicayottc?.     T  sii])i»»so  tlie  af>gi'Ogiite  from 
l>(»tli  sources  docs  not  cxt'ci'd  liftccn  tliousiiiHl  skins. 

The  jicojinipliy  ol' the  river  iindiuljacent  territory  controls  in  ti  nnirked 
manner  the  character  of  the  trade  carried  on  upon  the  Yukon.  In  pre- 
vious chapters  I  liave  remarked  that  the  river  runs  in  nian>  i>iaces  with 
a  swil't  current;  that  it  is  Idled  with  shoals  and  diilicnlt  oi  navij;ation 
even  tor  small  boats;  and  that  there  is  not  suHicient  water  at  any  of  its 
mouths,  as  far  as  has  Ikhmi  (b'terniined,  to  lloat  a  vessel  of  sutlicii'iit  size 
to  voyajLi'e  upon  the  sea.  \'essels.  therefore,  which  come  to  the  coast 
for  furs  mu.st  lie  at  St.  .Vichael's,  and  the  river  must  be  ascended  and 
the  different  points  of  tra<U>  \  isited  in  boats.  Owinji'  to  the  conditi(Ui  of 
the  ice  in  llehrinj;'  Sea  a  vessel  cannot  reach  St.  .Micliael's  Island  much 
before  the  middle  of  June.  A  trip  in  open  boats  to  Nuclucayette  would 
then  retpiire  the  whole  season,  leavin.u'  no  tinu'  for  return.  Such  a  Jour- 
ney would  be  tbund  extremely  difficult,  as  tradin;^'  f;()ods  ami  provisions 
\V(>uld  have  to  be  transported,  and  very  unprotital)le,  since  few  good  furs 
would  be  obtained,  as  the  summer  skins  aw  worthless. 

I'rom  these  remarks  it  Ibllows  that  a  i)rolitable  management  of  the 
lur  trade  of  the  Yukon  ri'(piires  tla^  establislnnent  and  maintenance  of 
]>ermanent  stations  on  the  river.  This  is  no  jilace  for  small  enteriuises. 
Jt  is  impossible  tor  sloops  and  schooners  to  run  in  and  rapidly  trade  with 
the  natives,  delaying  oidy  lor  a  few  hours  or  days,  as  can  be  done  in 
some  other  parts  of  the  Territory. 

1  suppose  about  five  stations  are  recpured  to  collect,  with  conveni- 
ence, the  furs  on  the  lower  part  of  the  river,  and  for  these  tlu're  will  be 
necessary  a  Ibrce  of  about  lifteen  nu-n.  Whether  the  amount  of  trade 
Avill  Justify  the  expense  of  such  an  establishment,  including  the  cost  of 
tiansporting  goods,  sujtplies,  ami  furs  to  and  from  the  river,  remains  to 
be  seen. 

A  l»rief  account  <»f  American  enterprises  on  the  Y^nkon  since  the  tians- 
fer  (»f  the  Territory  to  tlu'  present  time  will  not  be  nninstructive. 

Tile  comi»any  on  whose  vessel  1  traveled  established  its  stations  on 
the  Yukon  in  the  sumuu'r  of  ISliJI,  during  the  Journey  described  in  this 
I'cport.  I'pon  our  arri\al  at  St.  IMichaers  Island  we  (bund  the  stations 
of  two  <'ompanies.  both  of  \\  hich  had  been  engaged  in  the  trade  since 
the  transter  of  the  Territ(uy.  IJelbre  our  dei»arture  one  of  the  compa- 
ines  abiunloiu'd  the  business  and  sohl  its  stock  to  the  new  company. 
A  large  sloo]»,  with  a  complete  stock  of  trading  goods,  had  arrived  about 
the  same  time,  with  the  i»urpose  of  opening  an  establishment.  The 
owner,  however,  did  not  appear  to  think  the  jirospect  encouraging,  and 
he  also  sold  out  to  the  new  comitany.  As  fo.r  small  vessels,  nmny  of 
which  \  isited  Norton  Sound  during  the  year  Ibllowijig  the  transfer,  they 
in  e\ery  case  went  away  emjtty-handed. 

Whe'n  1  left  St.  Mich'aers  Ishnul  in  the  fall  of  1S(;!>,  the  condition  of 
things  was  this:  two  powerful  ami  determined  companies,  having  abun- 
dant capital,  occupied  various  stations  on  the  river  and  coast,  an<l  an 
active  competition  had  commenced.  This  was  «;ertainly  calculated  to 
<le\»'lop  the  fur  trade  to  its  utmost  exti'Ut,  yet  I  am  inlVumed  that  the 
result  was  a  loss  to  both  parties;  and  in  the  following  year  the  compa- 
nies combined,  having  fouml  that  the  trade  could  not  be  prolitably 
divided. 

I  ha\('  already  said  that  the  statistics  are  not  sutViciently  exact  tor 
accurate  ctmclusions:  nevertheless,  it  apiuars  to  me  that  a  Itettei'  idea 
of  the  value  ol  the  tiade  may  be  gathered  from  the  general  statements  I 
have  given  t!ian  from  the  statistics  of  the  old  comi>anies,  which  <  xisted 
uiulcr  vastly  dltferent  conditions.     At  least  one  deduction  may  b    drawn 


EFX'ONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    KIVER. 


30 


'OIll 

<(■(! 

ith 
ion 
its 
ize 

ilSt 

Hid 

1  of 

ich 

liiM 


from  till'  facts:  the  amount  of  trade  in /io-k  on  the  lulvn  Ixirer  icill  at 
most/nrulsh  a  bnsinens  for  one  conipaiti/,  and  employment  on  the  river  for 
about  Jif teen  men. 

The  timbt'V  of  the  Yukon  llivin-  may  in  the  distant  future  become  of 
oousiihM'abh'  vabie.  It  consists  ])rincipally  of  spruce,  ])0]»hir,  birch, 
abler,  an<l- willow.  The  si)ruce  aiul  birch  are  the  only  varietiesof  any 
value  for  i>r.ictieal  purjuises.  The  foriiu'r  is  veiy  abundant  upt)n  the 
up])er  and  middle  portions  of  the  river.  It  does  h;>t  usually  ^row  to  a 
lar^e  or  even  nuMliuui  si/e,  and  at  Fort  Yukon,  when  I  had  occasion  to 
use  ji  good  deal  of  it,  it  did  not  ap])ear  to  be  of  ver^\  j;()otl  (juality. 
liireh  is  com])aratively  scarce.  The  lower  ]»ortion  of  the  river  for  a  <lis- 
tance  of  about  one  hnmlred  miles  from  its  mo.Uh  is  devoid  of  trees. 
The  timber  of  the  Yukon  Itiver  cannot  for  many  years  be<;ome  an  article 
of  connuerce,  because  larj^e  supplies,  superior  in  quality  and  miu-h  more 
accessible,  exist  nearer  the  market. 

The  waters  of  the  Yukon  swarm  with  a  variety  of  lish,  the  princi])al 
of  which  is  the  salmon.  This  lish  is  f.mnd  in  almost  incredible  <|uanti- 
ties,  esi)ecially  on  the  lower  ])ortion  of  the  river.  The  lish  of  the  Yukon 
cannot,  howevei',  at  present  become  an  articie  of  commerci',  because  ii 
sullicient  market  has  not  yet  been  found  for  the  salmon  of  tlu'  Columbia 
liiverand  I'uget  Sound,  while  the  southern  rivers  of  Alaska  are  e(|ually 
])rolilic  and  yet  almost  untonch«'<l.  Ivloreover,  the  cost  of  labor  is  to(» 
great;  Indian  labor  is  not  to  be  depended  upon  for  this  or  any  other 
puri)ose. 

The  region  bordering  the  Yukon  cannot  properly  ho  said  to  have  any 
agricultural  resources.  I  shall  iu)t  att<.'mi)t  to  discuss  the  <jnestion  as  to 
what  grains  or  vegetables  may,  by  careful  ]uei)aration  of  the  soil,  be 
made  to  grow,  because  it  seems  to  be  a  (]uestion  of  little  practical  cou^ 
seijuence.  A  reference  to  preceding  cliapters  will  ])rove  sufliciently  the 
fact  tinit  this  i)ortiou  of  the  Territory  is  not  of  such  a  character  as  to 
invite  the  immigration  of  aii  agricultural  ])opulation.  Hence,  agricul- 
ture in  this  region  will  at  best  be  merely  an  auxiliary  or  incident;il  occu 
l)atioii  of  persons  ])rincipally  engaged  in  other  ]»ursuits.  Hut  the  fur- 
trader  is  n(»t  usually  u  willing  tiller  of  thi'  eartli,  and  I'veii  under  the 
most  favorable  circumstances  the  utnu»st  efforts  of  a  do/eii  oi'  liftecn 
men  would  scarcely' be  snthcient  todeveloi),  in  this  diiection,  an  import- 
ant industry. 

Xo  valuable  mineral  deposits  in  workable  (piantities  have  been  foinnl 
iji  Dili  \  jcinity  of  the  Yukon  Hirer  uy  to  the  present  time. 


■ 


l?l 


iiif 


■hi: 


Pi^RT   II 


OBSERVATIONS    AND    METHODS  OF 

REDUCTION. 


s 


OBSERVATIONS  AM)  METHODS  OF  REDUCTION. 


CHAPTER   I. 
ASTKOXCKAIICAL  I)i:TEmriXATIONS. 

I.  0158E11VATIONS. 

As  l^n't  Viikoii  was  boliovod  to  bo  situated  very  near  the  eastern 
Itoundary  of  Alaska,  it  seemed  necessary  to  make  as  accurate  deter- 
minations as  possible  of  its  latitude  and  lonyitudc,  iu  order  to  fix  its 
]M)sitiMn  !)eyoud  a  doubt.  Owinji' to  the  limited  tiiue  for  ]»repar;>tiou,  I 
was  unable  to  obtain  suitable  instruments  from  Washin}^t(Ui;  but,  for- 
tunately. 1  succeeded  iu  «)btaiiiin<;'  iu  San  Francisco  all  that  were  re- 
quired. The  astronomical  instruments  employed  were  as  follows  :  Port- 
able transit  instrument,  by  Trou<;hton  and  Sims,  London ;  an  admira- 
ble instiument,  and  in  excellent  condition.  Zenith  telescope,  by  AViir- 
<lcm;>-  :i,  Washinjiton  ;  an  old  instrument,  and  in  poor  condition.  Sex- 
tants J.)  b.v  Wiirdemann,  Washinji'ton  ;  in  excellent  condition.  Chro- 
nometers, ((»;)  liond,  Xos.  LMIO  and  li;>l,  (sidereal ;)  Bliss  ami  Creij;htori, 
Nos.  11,V»  and  HUMI;  Parkinson  ami  Frodsham,  I^o.  lilTo;  liarraud, 
(wat<-h.)  No.  oUl),  (nu^'iu.) 

On  several  days  before  our  dei)artnre  Professor  C4eor<>e  Davidson,  of 
the  Cnast  Survey,  kindly  j^ave  nu'  comjiarisous  with  the  si<ler"al  clock 
in  his  observatory,  of  which  the  error  was  determined  with  yreat  accu- 
racy. 

Our  first  astronondcal  observations  were  made  at  Sitka.  The  weather 
was  exceedingly  unfavorable  duriu<i'  our  stay  at  this  place.  On  April 
lis  and  1M»,  and  May  1,  I  observed  e(pial  altitudes  of  the  sun  for  tinu\ 
East  and  west  stars  were  also  observed  on  the  eveninji'  of  April  1*8,  but 
as  the  atmospiiere  was  saturated  with  nu>isture  the  observatiims  gave 
poor  results. 

Our  next  observations  were  made  in  the  harbor  of  Ounalaska,  on  the 
extremity  of  a  point  of  land  the  position  of  which  had  been  accurately 
deterinined  by  the  ('oast  Survey.  On  3Iay  iVi  and  L'i,  sextant  observa- 
tions were  attempted,  but  failed  on  account  of  the  weather.  Ou  May 
L'.">  and  lm;,  eipud  altitudes  of  the  sun  were  observed  lor  tinu'. 

At  St.  Michael's  Island  the  weather  was  again  uni»ropitious.  Sex- 
tant oltservations  of  single  altitudes  of  the  siui  were  obtained,  however, 
on  .luly  1  ami  .'}.  1  was  anxious  to  nnike  a  good  <leterndnation  of  the 
chrouiuneter  error  at  this  )>lace,  as  its  position  is  fairly  determined,  and 
thert'  was  no  well-located  point  between  it  and  Fort  Yukon.  The  cir- 
cumstances of  the  expediti(Ui  not  a«lniitting  of  delay,  I  was  compelled 
to  content  myself  witli  these  meager  results. 

On  .Tiily  I,  during  our  Journey  along  the  coast,  we  stopped  at  the 
mouth  of  the  IMkmiklalik  Creek  to  procure  wood.  1  obtained  observa- 
tions .»f  ciri'Uiu-uu'ridian  altitudi'sof  the  sun  for  the  determination  of 
latitude. 

At  Anvic,  the  next  position  where  the  circuujstauces  of  travel  ren- 


44 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF   THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


(l('ro<l  ol»s«Tv;ilioiJs  priictidible,  we  obtained,  on  July  l.'J,  sextant  obser- 
vations of  ("iiiuil  an<l  circiin  ineiidmn  altitudes  of  the  sun  for  deteiinin- 
inj;  lalitudf  ami  loimitude. 

At  Nn];5tic».  ou  July  l!>.  we  obtained  a  few  sextant  observations  for 
latiiu<U'.  Tlu'  sua  was  too  near  the  meridian  at  tlie  time  of  observation 
to  ^iive  ji^xml  rt^salts  for  h»nj;'itude. 

At  Fori  A»l:uus.  on  July  L'.'J  and  24,  sextant  observations  of  e<|ual  al- 
titudes of  Iho  sun  were  obtained  for  the  determination  of  latitude  and 
lonjiitude, 

Pra<'tic;iny.  there  was  no  ni<;ht  durin<;'  our  journey  on  the  river,  and 
conso<in«MilIy   stars  eould  not  be  obserxed. 

Our  next  olxstTvationswere  made  at  Fort  Yidcon.  AVe  arrived  at  this 
]>la('e  on  x\iv  at'ternoon  of  July  31,  and  on  the  next  da}'  we  commenced 
the  ]>ix'i>:ir:itiou  of  our  observatory. 

The  astix>!nt»iiueal  observatory  consisted  of  two  larj^e  wall-tents,  with- 
out flies.  wliH-li  were  pitched  end  to  end,  ami  oiRMied  one  into  the  other. 
From  each  tt-nt  a  breadth  had  been  removed  on  both  sides  of  the  ridj;e- 
l)ole.  leaviujr  tw«)  observin^^-slits,  about  two  feet  in  width,  ^^'hen  not 
in  use  thr.-***  weie  covered  with  wider  breadths,  fastened  in  place  with 
ties.  Ky  iiu-ans  of  a  system  of  pulleys,  they  coidd  be  ra]»idly  run  uj)  or 
down  as  rx"<mtti\HL  This  observatory  was  devised  by  Mr.  .Major,  an«l 
l»re]»aix'<l  iukKt  his  direction  in  San  Francistto.  It  served  its  purpose 
adnnrably,  U-iajr  {)trfectly  tifihtin  bad  weather,  and  atfordinj;  [)lenty  of 
interior  sifciut".  It  is  more  i)ortable  than  the  wooden  tiavj'ling  obser- 
vatory oftfU  us*hI,  which  is,  moreover,  inconveniently  small. 

In  tluMn-nterof  theoutertent  a  sound  spruce  lo^,  about  twenty  inches 
in  dianielcr.  was  tlrndy  planted.  The  top  was  approximately  Icvt'led, 
and  nit(»n  k  was  placed  the  zenitii  telescope.  The  inner  tent  was  occu- 
l)ied  by  tW  tratisit  instrument.  I  was  unable  to  obtain  a  sin;;le  block 
of  snthcu'Jii  skt'  for  this  instrunu'Ut,  althou;nh  a  party  was  sent  a  con- 
siderablo  dsstafice  up  the  river  in  search  of  one.  Finally,  two  spruce 
lo^s  weiv  fastn'tu'd  tirndy  together  with  wooden  tree-nails,  and  jdanted 
about  thntH'  ftf  t  deep  in  the  ^rotind. 

Tlu^  traasit  instrument  employed  has  at  each  corner  of  its  stand  a. 
screw  woi-kiniT  in  a  brass  fe:.iale-screw,  the  intention  beinji'  that  the 
latter  sliouKl  W  leaded  into  a  stone  block.  The  instrument  havinji'  been 
jmt  a]»pn»\j«iately  into  position,  an«l  the  corners  marked,  it  was  rem'ived, 
and  the  f»*niiale-Si'!<.'ws  were  tirmly  leaded  into  the  block.  It  was  then 
replac<nK  and  K'inj*'  without  adjusting  foot-screws,  it  was  broujiiiit  to  an 
ai>proxiniatc  level  by  screwing'  it  down  tightly  upon  thin  sheets  of  lead 
plac<Mi  under  the  bearings. 

A  miTidiaa-mark  was  established  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river,  at 
a  distaiut"  «>f  al>out  three  (pnirters  of  a.  mile  from  the  observatory.  I 
was  conjiH-n»'«l  to  place  it  "over  water,"  as  the  locality  <lid  not  admit  of 
any  other  anangeuu'nt.  It  consisted  of  a  s(]uare  pieceof  wood,  on  which 
two  narnnv  snips  of  dark  cloth  wer<'  fastened  in  the  form  of  the  letter 
X,  the  iniei-sti'tiou  being  marked  by  a  snudl  tack.  This  was  arranged 
to  move  east  or  west  in  a  groove  ma<le  in  a  long  piece  of  wood,  which 
was  fasten«Mil  horizontally  on  two  strong  i)osts.  The  nmrk  was  put  ap- 
pr<»xima!ely  in  the  meridian,  and  its  a/imuth  ascertained  by  means  of 
the  micnuneter  of  the  transit  instrument. 

Dnriujr  the  journey  tiu'  closest  att(Mition  was  paid  to  the  proper  trans- 
jjortatiou  of  our  instrunu'uts.  Everything  was  packed  and  stowe<l  in 
the  most  caivful  nuinner.  The  chron()MH>ters  were  placed  in  a  strong 
basket  jwddeil  with  felt  ami  hair,  and  covered  with  a  cushion  of  the 
same  maliMials.    They  were  transported  on  one  of  the  large  boats  which 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


45 


T- 
II- 

or 
m 


Mi'  lia<l  in  tow,  ill  order  that  they  iiiijiiiit  not  be  su1>j<'('te<l  to  the  con 
staiit  Jarrinj;"  of  the  stcaiiu'r.  The  siiiivllcr  instruinciits  were  kept  in  tlit3 
\vlu'('l-iiouso.  Tin*  transit  instriinicnt  and  /cnitli  t<'U'.sco]>t',  in  four  larjic 
boxes.  \\«'i('  sto\v<'d  nnder  rover  in  tlie  forward  part  of  the  boat,  as  far 
jis  i)ossil)h'  from  the  heat  of  th«'  furnaee.  We  hojied  to  <^et  all  our  in- 
struiiieiits  to  Fort  Yukon  in  j^ood  eondition.  I>.v  an  untbrtiinate  (K^'cur- 
r(Mice  on  tlii/  river,  however,  oar  end.'avors  were  nearly  frustrated. 
Duriii,^  a  stormy  n;i;ht,  some  of  the  men  who  liad  to  sleep  on  deck,  ex- 
l»os"d  ro  the  weather,  eoneeiviny,  perhaps  with  reason,  that  their  bodies 
had  (piite  as  j^ood  a  ri;^lit  to  protection  as  my  boxes,  removed  tin'  iu- 
striiiuents  from  their  shelter,  and  plaeinj;-  them  near  the  furnaee,  dis- 
l»osed  themselves  in  their  plaee.  This  arraii<;'ement  was  soon  diseovered, 
and  the  boxes  were  replaeed ;  but  on  our  arrival  at  Fort  Yukon  I  found 
that  (.'oiisiderable  misehief  had  been  done.  Two  of  the  seven  threads 
liad  been  l)r()keu  from  the  retieule  of  the  transit  instrument,  and  both  of 
the  levels  of  the  zenith  teleseope  were  utterly  ruined  ;  so  nmeh  ether 
havin.y  evai)orated  that  the  bubbles  coiddnot  be  read. 

As  soon  as  I  discovered  these  injuries  I  set  about  rei)atriiifj  them. 
The  reticule-frame  wjis  fixed  in  the  tuV)e  of  the  transit  instrument  in  such 
a  \\;\\  that,  in  the  absem  e  of  the  i)roi>er  tools,  it  could  not  be  removed 
witliout  daii;4(T  to  the  remaininji  tlir(>ads.  JIaviny  i)rocured  some  fresh 
thread  from  a  s{)ider,  I  made  a  little  frame  of  jiajier,  with  a  handle  bent 
vertically,  and  fixing  the  lines  to  it,  lowerccl  them  into  po.-sition,  adjust- 
in^'  them  with  my  pocket-microsco[)e,  and  finally  securinji' them  in  place, 
by  means  of  a  little  shellae  varnish,  with  wliich  1  was  fortunately  \niy- 
vided.  After  a  };reat  many  trials,  1  finally  succeecU'd  in  adjustiii";'  thein 
to  my  satisfaction  ;  and  I  found  afterwanl  that  the  intervals  were-  ijuite 
as  yood  as  those  fixed  by  the  instrument-maker. 

1  attemi»ted  to  rei)air  the  zenith  t('lescoi>e  levels  by  the  introductitin 
of  ether  obtained  by  opening  the  little  levels  at  the  ends  ()f  the  s]»are 
transit  lexel,  which  are  not  necessary  to  its  use.  This  expedient  com- 
l)letely  faih'd,  and  I  was  finally  compelled  to  make  use  of  the  followinji' 
dcvi(;e:  Tlu'  s]>are  transit  levt!  was  taken  to  pieces  and  its  tube  was 
firmly  lashed  with  c()pi»er  wire  upon  a  piece  of  wood  cut  to  a  suitable 
shai)e.  The  tube  of  the  telcscoite  level  haviii!^"  been  removed,  this  was 
bound  tij;htly  in  its  ])lace.  I  was  compelhsl  to  disjKMise  with  the  strid- 
iiiji  le\  el,  but  the  horizontal  axis  was  readily  leveled  by  other  means. 

To  return  to  our  observations:  Diirinj;'  the  lirst  week  of  our  stay  at 
Fort  Yukon  the  weather  was  extremely  unfavoralde.  The  occasional 
appearance  t>f  the  sun,  however,  jjjave  us  a  few  oppoi-tunities.  On  Au- 
fjust  L',  ."),  ami  <►,  we  obtained  sextant  observations,  which  j;ave  us  an 
approximate  latitude  and  chronometer  error.  J)uriny  this  week  we 
had  in*  opportunity  to  put  our  instruments  in  position. 

On  Anji'iist  7  the  solar  eclii»sc  occurred.  The  weather  was  fitful,  and 
the  sky  partly  obscured  by  fioatinu'  clouds.  Hut  we  succe«'ded  in  ob- 
tainiii.u  .y'ood  »>l>servations  of  e(pial  altitiules  of  the  sun  for  the  determi- 
nation of  the  chronometer  error. 

1  had  previously  made  a  projection  t)f  the  ediixse  with  an  assumed 
lonjiitude,  which  ]»roved  looi-e  accurate  thiin  I  expected,  comiii;j;  within 
a  minute  or  two  of  first  contact.  I  observed  with  the  zenith  telescope, 
usin;>' the  colored  {jlass  from  a  sextant.  i\Ir.  Ferdinand  Westdahl,  a 
fienth'inan  o{  the  tradinj;'  ]»arty,  observed  with  a  iK»cket-^lass,  at  my 
reipu'st;  Mr.  ^fajor  made  the  record.  Owiii}*' to  an  imperfect  arranj^e- 
ment  of  the  <'olored  j>iass,  not  «liscoveved  until  too  late,  1  lost  the  first 
c<Mitact.  It  was  recorded  on  Mr.  Westdahl's  call  at  10''  .^S'"  OI^OT,  (local 
mean  time.)     The  jiieatest  obseuratit)n  was  recorded  at  0''  01'"  'tO\00. 


46 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF   THE    YIKON    RIVER. 


f     i 


Tlio  (iiiinitity  of  tlio  ccliiiso  was  about  11  dibits.  Tlic  last  contjict  was 
ivcorcU'd  at  1''  (H)'"  2!»\.jS,  both  ubservcis  calliiij;-  on  the  same  tenth  of  a 
second. 

Diiiinj;'  the  eelii)se  there  were  (iiiantities  of  ]i;;ht,  lleeey  elonds  in  the 
north,  east,  and  west,  and.  stiatnscuniuli  in  the  south.  The  tenipeiatiire 
at  Kit^'iitt'st  obscuration  was  (L*^  T. ;  at  last  contact,  70°  J"\ 

The  next  day  the  chronometer  error  was  compute*!,  ami  as  it  was  ne- 
cessary foi-  the  steamer  to  return  innnediately  to  the  coast,  we  com- 
menced the  comi»utatiou  of  longitude  on  the  sanu'  eveninj>',  finisiiin;^'  it 
at  (5  o'clock  on  the  followin.ii'  morninji'.  ^^'e  thus  ol>tained  an  a]>i»i'o\i- 
mate  lonj;itude,  which  proved  that  we  were  a  considerable  distance 
west  of  the  houn<lary, 

J)urinji'  the  early  part  of  Au<>ust  the  shortness  of  the  nii;ht  was  the 
occasion  of  much  endiarrassment.  On  the  >Sth  of  August  the  transit 
instrument  was  placed  approxinmtely  in  the  meridian,  an<l  on  the  '.Mil 
its  adjustment  was  perlected.  On  the  lOth  the  meridian  mark  was 
placed  in  position,  and  observations  for  time  by  transit  <)f  stars  were 
obtaiiu'd  on  the  lOth,  11th,  iL'th,  loth,  14th,  and  17th.  The  weather  ou 
the  ir)th  ami  Kith  was  unfavorable. 

On  the  17th,  by  an  unfortunate  accident,  the  level  of  the  transit  in- 
strument was  hr(»ken.  1  therefore  de<'ided  to  suspend  transit  observa- 
tions for  a  nijiht  or  two,  and  make  a  few  observations  for  latitude  with 
the  /.enith  telescope. 

On  Aujiiist  10,  the  Aalues  of  sin<>le  divisions  of  the  two  transit  levels 
were  deterndned  in  terms  of  the  zenith-telescope  ndcrometei'.  The 
le\els  were  lashed  successively  to  the  tube  of  th.'  zenith  telescope,  and 
the  instrument  turned  on  the  meridian-mark.  Tlie  values  were  tlien 
deterndned  in  the  usual  way. 

On  Anji'ust  l."i,  the  value  (d"  one  revolution  (KM)  divisions)  of  the  zenith- 
telescope  micronu'ter  in  arc  was  determined  by  observations  ou  I'olaris 
near  its  eastern  elongation. 

On  August  10,  observations  for  latitude  were  commenced  with  the 
zenith  telesco))e,  but  failed  on  account  of  unfavorable  weather.  On  the 
17th  two  observations  were  obtaine<l  after  the  transit  observations.  On 
the  l<sth  and  10th  obseivaticms  were  obtained;  although  at  the  latter 
date  the  weather  was  nnfavorabie. 

With  the  instrument  arranged  as  I  have  described,  we  could  not  hoi)e 
for  a  high  degree  of  accuracy  in  the  results;  and,  moreover,  we  found 
that  the  micrometer  screw  was  much  worn  and  did  not  work  smoothly. 
The  latitude  obseivations*  were  therefore  aband(me«l,  antl  the  s[Kue 
transit  IcncI  [mt  together  again  for  use  with  the  transit  instrunu'Ut. 

On  August  L'(>  we  recommenced  observations  with  the  transit  instru- 
ment, and  continued  them  on  tin?  I'lst,  I'lM.  and  Uod.  On  th«^  L'Sth.  the 
day  of  our  departure  from  Fort  Yukon,  the  transitof  thesnn  was  observed. 

i)n  the  iMst,  L*-d,  and  L'.'Jd,  oltservations  <>f  moon  culndnations  were 
obtained.  ]Much  to  my  regret,  the  weather  and  the  times  of  cidminatiou 
prevented  on.  obtaining  more  of  these  observations. 

During  our  journey  down  the  river,  the  i>ressing  necessity  for  rai»id 
progress,  and  the  hard  physical  labor  consequent  thereon,  forced  us  to 
abandon  our  observations,  except  on  a  few  favorable  occasions.  At 
Nulato,  on  Seiiteinbev  S,  sextant  observations  of  single  altitiules  of  the 
sun  were  obtained  for  time,  and  also  at  iledoiibt  iSt.  Michael's  on  Sep- 
tendier  liO. 

This  concludes  the  account  of  the  astronomical  observations  of  the 
expedition. 


> 


■'" 


RECONXAISSANX'E    OF   THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


47 


> 


II.    COMl'UTATIOXS. 

1.  Pn-jMrafory  eompuidtloxs, 

(1.)  From  .sc.vfa  lit  ohscr  rat  ions. — The  clironoiiK'tcr  corroctioii  iVoiii  sox- 
tiiiit  obsi'iviitions  is  ('(►iiii)iito(l  as  follows,  and  on  the  I'ollowinj;-  dativs : 

Sitka,  Ai)ril  L*!),  mean  noon,  by  equal  altitudes  of  the  sun. 

Sitka,  3Iay  1,  mean  noon,  by  eciual  altitudes  of  tbe  sun. 

Ounalaska,  .May  I'd,  mean  noon,  by  eijual  allitucb's  of  tlie  sun. 

St.  .Mifliael's  Island,  July  1,  mean  luuju  l)y  single  altitudes  of  the 
sun. 

Anvie,  July  L'5,  mean  noon,  by  ecjual  altitiules  of  tlie  sun. 

Fort  Adams,  July  2.»,  mean  noon,  by  e(]ual  altitudes  of  the  sun. 

Fort  Adams,  July  L'.'J,  midnight,  by  equal  altitudes  of  the  sun. 

Fort  Yukon,  August  (J,  mean  noon,  by  equal  altitudes  of  the  sun. 

Fort  Yukon,  August  7,  nunm  noon,  by  ('(jual  altitudes  of  the  sun. 

(See  Appendix  A,  pages  74  and  7.").) 

At  Pikmiktalik  and  Senati's  Vdlage,  the  ehronometer  correction  could 
not  be  well  determined,  as  tlu'  observations  were  all  too  neai'  the 
nu'ridian  for  this  pur[>ose.  AVhere  observations  for  ecpud  altitudes  had 
been  obtained,  it  was  thought  unnecessary  to  compute  from  the  remain- 
ing single  altitudes. 

The  chronometers  were  compared  daily,  but,  owing  to  the  small  num- 
ber of  time  observations  obtaine<l,  tiie  rates  could  not  be  well  tixed.  It 
would  have  been  <lesirable  to  establish  frouj  the  c(»mparison  the  relative 
rate  and  difference  of  ea(!h  pair  of  chronometers,  sons  to  exclude  errors, 
but  this  was  onntted  in  order  to  expedite  the  preparation  of  the  report. 
From  the  indication  of  one  of  the  ehrononu'ters  at  local  mean  noon,  the 
corrections  of  the  other  chronometers  were  determined  in  the  usual  way. 
(See  Ai)i>endix  A,  i»age  7o.) 

(2.)  Level  (U'termiimtUniH. — The  values  of  single  divisions  of  transit 
levels  Xos.  1  and  2,  in  terms  of  the  zenith-telescope  micrometer,  are  com- 
pute<l  from  the  observations  of  Angust  10,  (see  Appendix  A,  pages  7('» 
and  77,)  with  the  following  results: 

Xo.  1,  (7=1.785  divisions  of  micrometer. 
Xo.  2,  (7=i'5.'J3o  divisions  of  micrometer. 

The  condition  of  the  micrometer  screw  rendered  a  high  degree  of 
accuracy  impossible.  , 

The  value  of  oiu'  revolution  (1(K)  divisions)  of  the  zenith-telescope 
micrometer  has  been  computed  from  the  observations  on  Polaris,  near 
its  eastern  elongation,  on  August  l.j,  (see  Appendix  A,  page  7."),)  with 
the  following  result : 

rt=G2".029 
lieuce  for 

Level  Xo.  1,  rf=l".10(;7=0\()737 
Level  Xo.  2,  rf=3".G7o4 =0^245 

For  the  level  constant  we  have,  (Chauvenet,  II,  page  172) — 

^,_,(>r+u-0-(c-fO 

4 

hence — 

Level  Xo.  1,  6=0^0184  f(?f+n'0—(«+('OJ 
Level  Xo.  2,  6=0\0G12  [(?r+zc')— (e+e')J 


■ 


48 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


f    I 


Tlie  value  of  [{ic+ic') — (e-\-c')\,  intorpolatt'tl  Ix'twocu  the  oliscrvations, 
is  ji'ivcii  ill  v<mI  ti<;iin's  in  ihv  level  coliiimi  o\'  the  oiiiiiiial  transit  record. 

(.">.)  Trdiisit  (IfUrniindfions. — The  timt'-ljst  t'liiployed  (iiieliidiiij;'  iiiooii 
eiilininatioiis)  coiiiju-ises  torty-six  well-detenniiied  stars,  selected  priiiei- 
]»al]y  from  tlie  AiiKH'icaii  Ki»lieiiieris,  one  or  two  liaviiij;' been  taken  i'roiii 
the  JJritisii  Aliiianae.  It  is  not  th<m;^ht  necessary  to  ^ive  tiie  names  of 
the  stars  in  this  place,  as  they  will  l»e  found  in  the  transit  record. 

{(I.)  Cornet  tons  for  r<ifr. — TIic  a|>i>i<)ximate  rate  of  the  chrononieter 
employed  in  the  oi)scrvations  (2;31  IJond)  was  determined  at  ()M5  j^aiii 
per  hour.  Tiie  corrections  for  rate  were  then  deti'imined  mechanically, 
l»y  means  ol'a  calculatinji;  circle  constructed  as  follows:  A  circular  dislc 
oi"  palter  was  j;raduated  to  hours  and  minutes.  This  was  made  to  turn 
concentrically  upon  another  cir(;h'  haviuy;  the  same  radi  is.  The  cireiim- 
lereiice  of  the  latter  was  _^raduated  in  hours,  and  tliesi-  spaces  divided 
into  fil'teeu  etpial  parts,  rei»resentinjj;"  hundredths  of  a  second.  The 
"  assumed  time'-  ]n'\u'^  found  on  the  inner  circle,  and  i>]ac<'d  at  the  zero- 
division  of  the  outer  circle,  the  time  corresi>ondiii;;'  to  the  mean  of  the 
threads  on  the  inner  circle  will  indicate  the  correction  for  rate  on  the 
outer  circle.  If  this  readin;:^  is  on  the  left  of  the  zero-division,  the  cor- 
rection is  ]>ositive;  if  on  the  ri;;ht,  ney;ative.  Tiiis  contrivance  was 
devised  by  .Mr.  Faber  du  Faur.  It  is  (juite  as  accurate  as  computation, 
and  less  liable  to  error, 

(/>.)  lieihtiflon  of  ((jijuornt  pidccx  of  stars  for  t)'(iHsit  at  Fori  Ynlon. — 
The  ri-i'ht  a'^cension  and  the  declination  being  given  in  the  Ephem.'ris 
lor  every  tenth  transit  at  Washiiigtou.  tlu'se  (piautiti's  must  be  inter- 
jtolated  for  transit  at  Fort  Yukon,  adding  the  ditterence  of  longitude  in 
time  between  Washington  and  Fort  Yukon  to  the  whole  number  of  days 
between  date  of  observation  and  date  in  Ephenu'ris. 

//.  d. 

Longitude  of  Fort  Yukon  (adopted  before  final  deter- 

minatioM)  0.(!2;53:? =0.401 

Longitude  of  Washington O.L*3()73=0.1il4     •' 

I )ifferen','e  in   sidereal  time  O.lScjOl 

Dirteieiice  iii  mean  time 0.1S04 

K  =  teu  times  the  daily  rate  of  motion  from  Ephemeris  ;  ^Z=: difference 
between  IJ  and  next  following  rate;  /  =  number  of  days  Irom  date  in 
Ephemeris  to  date  of  observation. 

3Ieau  ten  days  for  interpolation — 

li  +  4  {t  -f  0.1805) 

Change  of  right  ascension  or  declination,  (upper  culmination) — 

(/+0.18(;.-,)  [  ^+^^^  (^+0.1804)]=^^^  (f+0.18Go)+^f^(^-f  0.1804)'^ 

The  values  of  ^^^  (/-|-0.18G4)-  have  been  tubulated  (see  Appendix  A, 
page  78)  with  the  arguments  y   and  t. 

For  lower  culminations  the  change  of  position  is — 

j^^(f+0.08o)+^,(f+<Mi8.-i)* 

The  values  of  ^^j(/4-0.G85)-  are  also  tabiUated,   (see  Appendix  A, 
page  78.) 
(('.)  Azinutth,  level  J  and  coUimatioH  factors. — In  the  couiputatiou  of  these 


y 


UFX'OXXAISSAN'CE    OF    TlIK    YIKOX    KIVKR. 


49 


) 


t'iicrurs  tlic  t;il»lt's  j;i\('ii  ill  tilt'  riiitt'd  States  Citast  Siirvcv  K't'itim,  iSd*;, 
pam-s  (Jti-TI.  Iia\»'  Itccn  ('mi»l(i\«'(|. 

()l.)  Tlir  rtiHtttuiittl  iiitcrriiln  Iroiii  tlic  iiiraii  of  tlu*  tliicads  lia\<'  liccti 
flctfiiiiiiH'd  iVoiM  tliirfy  (ilyscivatidiis  tor  cacli  tliicad,  tin-  lime  ii«>t 
adiiiittiii^' (►!' a  I(»ii^<'r  scries,  (see  Appendix  A.  pa;^('  71>.)  Tlie  ]»iul(al)!e 
eiior  (dtiie  moan  oftlii'  tlirt-ads  is  (»^.().">S. 

I'loiii  tlie  eipiatdiial  iiiter\als.  tlie  ('(aicet ions  for  missed  threads  \ve;o 
determined  in  the  usual  way. 

(r.)  Tilt' f((cU)rs for  rontlitlondl  and  iioniKil  ciimitiDiiH  ha\e  l)eeii  toinied 
and  tahidated  in  tho  usual  way. 

(/'.)  TIti  iiormdl  itiiiiilion-s,  their  solutions,  and  the  (h'terminatioiis  of 
the  chronometer  correction  and  of  instrnmental  corrections  from  devia- 
tions in  a/imiith  and  collimation  thus  useertained  have  heeii  compnted 
in  the  iisnal  way.     The  linal  results  are  •;i\en  in  tlu-  transit  recurd. 

The  olKSiTvations  ofAn;^iist  i)  and  17  have  been  rejecte*!.  On  the 
former  <»(casioii  the  adjnstmenl  of  th<'  instriiiiK'iit  had  not  been  ]>eifected : 
and  on  the  latter,  the  obervations  wen;  insnfiieient  to  determine  the  in- 
strumental corrections. 

(_'/.)  Tlu  cliriiiKHinfrf  cornrlldii.s  and  theii'  jtrobable  errors  for  each  day, 
as  determined  by  the  method  of  least  sijiiares.  are  .uiven  in  -V]>j>er!di.\  A, 
lia;L'es  SL'  and  <S'i. 

rr  =  (leviiition  in  azimuth  before  icversal. 

«'=:  deviation  in  azimuth  after  rcAcrsal. 

<■  =  collimation  for  indicated  p»»sition  of  the  lamp. 

From  the  clironometer  corrections  as  found  for  the  several  days,  tlu- 
rate  and  a  corrected  correction  have  been  (h'termined  by  the  method  of 
least  s(piares,  (see  Appendix'  .V,  pa,y'e  S.'!,)  the  ass(impti<ui  bein;:'  a  con- 
stant rate  from  Au^iust  10  to  Auj;ust  L*."». 

Chron 
10. 

eter  time,  after  7  at  nijiht,  Au^^■ust  10. 

(-1.)  /nilfh  f<l('.sn>i>c  dctcnniiKifions. — The  stars  (Mn]tloyed  were  selected 
from  the  IJritish  Association  Catalogue.  In  the  computation,  nine  i)airs, 
;;i\  in,u-  thirteen  (h'tei'iiiinations,  have  l)eeii  used. 

For  a  corrected  list  of  the  mean  i>ositions  of  these  stars  tor  isii'l, 
(January  1.)  I  am  indebted  t<j  the  kindness  of  Prot'essor  J.  K.  lIiI,uard,of 
the  Coast  Survey 


lit  rate  from  Au^iust  10  to  Auji'ust  L*."». 

Chronometer  correction  at  7  hours  face  indii-ation  at  iiiulit.  August 

-f  If'   l."»"' 00"*.L'!)7.").      Correction    at    7    hours    tor  any    other   date, 

'■  15'"  0()M'07.'{)  —  .>\ollL»i/);  in  which  T— number  of  days,  ehronom- 


2.  Final  renuJtx. 


(1.)  Lo)i(iiti((le  of  F<i}'t  Yuhm. 

(a.)  Bji  solar  cvliitsv  of  Aiifinut  7. — The  e(Uitaets  were  timed  with 
ehnuiometer  2.'{1,  and  the  ^;orrecti<Mi  of  the  same;  the  local  sidereal 
times  of  contact  were  found  as  follows: 


First  contact ^' 

!Se(;ond  contact K' 


•  >i 


.00 


•'  ii(K  n 


The  eh'inents  of  the  eclipse  for  the  hours  7,  S,  !),  10,  11.  and  ll*, 
(Ireenwich  mean  time,  were  coin[)uted  and  tabulated,  and  triun  tlu^ 
values  inteipolated  for  the  times  of  contact,  the  ]oni;itude  of  Fort  Yukon 
was  determined  as  follows: 

I5v  rtrst  contact 0''  30"'  10M»7 

By  last  ccmtact 0>'  41'"  '2:i\U 

The  result  by  first  contact  is  untrustworthy,  owing  to  the  character 
S.  Ex.  12 4 


50 


RECOXNAISSANC'E    OF    TIIK    YUKON    RIVKR. 


ot'  tlir  olf~.-n:ili'»ll.  wliitli  li:is  hccii  iM'f'orc  nllildcd  to.  I'ossiMv  tlu' 
wKHi;:  iiiiiiiift-  »:('*  r»'«i»nitil.  lnit  i'oiisidcriii;;'  tlic  miccit;iiiity  of  tin*  oh- 
.st'i'ViM ioij.  1  have  nut  tlu»ii,i;lit  if  worth  while  to  i('-c(>iii|»iit<'  on  this  sup- 
position. 

i/>. )  llij  tH*"'**  *:-»hul»ntii>Hs. — Tiic  ol)s«'iV('(l  liiiics  of  transit  writ'  ror- 
rwtcil  lor  iustniimMiral  lU'viations,  wxnX  the  h»ii;.;itii(h'  then  (h'teiiniiH'd 
Ity  the  !ii«'th<«il  ;:iv>'ii  in  the  ( '(Kist  Purvey  liN'ixtit,  l.SoS.  itiij;«'S  1,S.S-1.SU, 

The  H'>nh>  an-  as  follows: 

Au-u>t21 «l'' 41'"  11 -.11 

An-ii^-t  11' II''  10'"  r>4-.70 

An-11-t :;:? !>''  n-"  11  .18 

Tile  r«'>iih  frunii  tin-  oltser\'iitions  of  Auf^iist  -L.M  is  rejected,  as  it 
(iiliers  t<M»  uiiii.-li  from  all  the  other  results,  and  the  instiunieiital  eur- 
reetions  are  larjif. 

[(•.)  lit!  tiifrfrniff  hftirf-ni  local  anil  (rnt'incirh  siijirnil  limes  of  mean 
uonit. — The  lli«-.il  tiiiae  of  mean  noon  at  Fort  Yukon  by  chronometer  KidH, 
ha\  inj:  1k-«-»  iletcnniiied  In  sextant  observations  on  Au;iust  7,  the  local 
sidereal  tiiiH-  •»!'  mean  noon  was  determined  from  the  comparison  of 
chrononjeTei>  l(^it>  and  I'.'Jl.  and  the  correction  of  the  latter  for  sidereal 
tinu'  l»y  Traii^'.tt  oI»s#m\  ations.  The  ditVerence  hetwi'eii  the  sidere:d  times 
ol  me;m  liKMtn  at  Fort  Yukon  and  lireenwich,  divided  by  the  hourly 
<han;:e  in  litihi  asi-ciisiun,  .yives  the  ditVereuee  in  louyitude.  AUowinj,' 
for  the  iuo3.MJ»J«'  error  of  the  sextant  observations,  tin  result  confirms 
the  loii;:]Tiule  foiiiiel  bv  moon  eidmiuatious.  The  result  thus  corrected 
is  •.»•'  41"  '.»'.is. 

('/. )  Thf  uthtpUtl  loHffltntle  of  Fort  Yuhm. — From  .so  snuill  a  nuudier  of 
determiiialioii*  it  is.  of  course,  impossible  to  obtain  a  prolialjle  err<»r  of 
ti.e  final  Jesuit,  or  to  reject  doubtful  values  with  certainty.  A  nu-an  of 
all  thedcrenuiiiations,  rejectinji'  only  the  value  by  lirst  contact  of  eclipse, 
which  i>  «ij«l«itiil»te«Hy  erroneous,  yives  us,  as  a  final  result. !»'' 41"'  1()\(»4; 
mean  of  two  values  from  moon  culnnnations,  !)'' 41'"  1 1M4.~).  Either 
may  l»e  ado|*te«l. :i.>  the  ditfereuce  is  only  l^ll,  whiidi  corresponds  in  this 
latitude  to  a  di^tanee  less  than  one-tenth  of  a  mile. 

1  have  tlioii;;:lit  l^est  to  ado[>t  the  jut'an  from  uioon  culminations, 
ivhich  makes  the  longitude  of  Fort  Yukon  !)''  41'"  IP.U.l—  145'  17'  47". 

(2.)  L(titimh  »f  Fori  Yukon. — The  riyht  ascension  and  declination  of 
the  stars  ejiii»h»y«'il  have  been  comi)uted  from  tlie  values  j;iven  at  the 
bc^iinniii;:  of  the  year.  In  conse(iuence  of  the  high  declination  of  most 
of  the  stars,  tlie  eom])utation  has  been  made  by  the  second  method, 
given  on  3.;i;re  2i;»  of  the  American  E{)lienu'ris  for  bSOI). 

The  obM-rvaiiuu?.  were  reduced  in  the  usual  way.  The  assumed  chro- 
nometer ertrnei-tioji  and  the  rate  differ  too  little  from  the  values  finally 
deteiiiiine«|  to  afl"e<:t  the  result,  the  corrections  for  reduction  to  meridian 
being  snijuH, 

Latitude  of  Fort  Yukon.  r.fP  33'  4G".87. 

The  c««ui|»iitation  is  given  in  Ai)pendix  A,  ])age  S4. 

(■"».)  Lunyittfden  of  Anric  ami  Fort  Adams. — Tlu'  longitudes  of  St.  Mi- 
<'haers  Island  ami  Anvie  were  first  deterndned  by  five  chronometers,  the 
data  being  th^oKserved  clirom)mefer  time  of  local  mean  m)oii  at  these 
jtlaces.  ami  at  8itka  and  Ounalaska,  the  known  longitudes  of  the  last- 
nauKMl  ](laees.  and  the  assumpti(ui  of  a  uniform  rate  from  Sitka  to 
An  vie. 

The  ]<t»gitiHle.*  of  Anvi<'  and  Fort  Adams  liave  been  comiuited  upon 
thesup|H»sitJonof  a  ninform  ratefroju  St. ^Michael's  Island  tt>  I'ort  Yukon, 
and  the  result*  coneeted  for  change  of  rate  determined  as  follows: 


p 


) 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER.  51 

irst  stilt i(»ii — ( 'liioiioiiu'tt'r  tiiuc  of  im'iiii  iitioii T| 

First  stiitiiui — K'iito lii 

kS('('(ni(l  stilt  ion — (Miionoiiictt'r  time  of  mciiii  iiooii T.. 

Sccoiid  stiitioii — liiite Ik.. 

Diiily  iiicrciisc  of  riitc r 

Dirt'creiUH'  of  lonj;itn<li' L 

Mean  nxtv  between  stiitions l*,,=  l*i  +.,  '^ 

Chronometer  time  between  stiitions  (in  (lii\ s) 1) 

For  iin  intcrmeditite  jioiiit,  dilVerenccof  lonyitnde  from  lirst  stiition.  / 

Chronometer  time  of  meiin  noon / 

Chronometer  time  between  stiitions  (in  (hiys) d 

Assnmin<;'  a  uniform  inereiise  of  nite — 

Also— 

T,=T,  — L+S;  S=T,  — Ti+L 

in  which  S=yain  of  chronometer  due  to  nite,  (in  seconds.) 

s=i)(i:,+!ii)) 

1J+    d        d    2^ 
1=%1  +  (Ti  -  /)  -  ■;>7(l)_f7)=I{.//+  [Ty-t)  -(!{,- 1{  J  f,  ( J  >-^') 

since 

D 

In  this  formula  [— (li^— lio)j'.(U— ^7)]  is  a  correction  for  the  longitude, 

computed  under  the  supposition  of  a  uniform  rate. 

Tlie  rates  of  the  diit'erent  chronometere  were  found  at  Fort  Yukon,  from 
mean  noon  by  chronometer  L';J1,  (assuming-  the  longitude  as  1)'"  OL'.^,  the 
error  of  which  assumption  does  not  atfect  the  results,)  is  as  follows: 

Chronometer  {mean)  1009. 

INIean  noon,  August  10 1 M  3"M  0^44 

Mean  noon,  August   7 1"  13-  48M]3 

Gain -^f;-!!! 

1  )aily  rate —  0.(0 

Chronometer  {sidereal)  -.'Jl. 

Gain  in  21  hours  sidereal  time  =3^^>llL^  (chronometer  time :)  21  hours 
sidereal  time  =  21"  00'"  o\5112,  (chronometer  time,)  =  21''— 235M)lmeau 


^  ^ 


52  KKCONNAISSAXCE    OF    THE    YUKOX    KIVKli. 

tiiii(»;  ;>'*.5M'J  (cliroiioinctcr  time)  ^  ■>'*.'»1  sidciviil  time :— •}■*.."»(»  iim-jiii  tiiiu*. 
I>;iily  liitf  oil  iiiciiii  time    ^  L'ori'-.IU  +  ;i"',.jO  —z  -\-  'J'oWAi,  (clnoiioinctcr 

tllllC.) 

Chrouoiucfi'r  fmcaiij  ll.j.'). 

,Mcilii  noon,   \ii;;iist  7 1''  L'iC"  ;;  tMlO 

Mciin  noon,  An^nst  L' 1''  l".i"'  :WM:\ 

>'o  rate  on  mean  time,  (cliiinjiin-iiirtcr  rliis  to  a  positive  latc.) 

f'hrouomelcr  {sidcvcal)  L'OO. 

.^Fca;)  noon,  Au,uust  10 (>'' r)4"' L'tr.OS 

Mean  noon.  Anj^iist    S O''  4(1'"  ;!.;m*S 

Gain  in  tliroe  mean  days —  7'"  M»-.so 

tiaiii  in  one  mean  day'. =2;{;K40==()''.(K>l'7»M 

(lain  in  .14  horns,  eludntMiieter  time r-_ -)- i';ii'\7() 

ChroHomite)'  {mruii)  llilo 

3rean  m)on,   An.unst  10 1''  t.'t'"  ;57^S 

."Mean   noon,    An^nst  (! I'' 4"»"'  l(»Mi 

(lain  in  4  days -f  I'lMi 

D.iiiy  rate  .*. +    .V..'? 

The  value  ol'  (li\ — 1{„)  for  each  chronometer  is  obtain-'d  as  loHows  : 

_      ,  ,     _  _    -     _  _        _    .     . 

Cliioiiniin'tcr—  ICO!).  ',»;',1.  !'!.">  >2r,ii.  '217.'. 


X. 

■10. -ji 


-j-  -JitH.  C/.t 


K. 

0.00(1 


Iv'.— K*„ 


+  (1. 4s        +     i.T-.i      +  "J.  t;sr. 


+  2;{:5.'.u 


i.i: 


A. 

+  1.6 


-f  :«. 


1 


I . 


. 


The   values  of  the  eorn'efisn  \—{\l< — »'„).  (i> — <l)\  heii.,^  determined 

Jind  ai>|)li«'d  to  the  tlillerenees  of  hni^^itinle  ol»taine<l  on  tiie  supposition 
of  Ji  uniform  rate,  we  have  the  Ibllowin^  results: 


L  :   -  = 

■„ 

•  ♦-    ■  ■.-. 

— 

..  _^ 

''^"   —]""'. 

u 

e  = 

=  •-  £-  2 

*■   *w 

.•-  :' 

C'liriiiiiiiiii'tcr. 

z  -    •  "* 

.z  • 

r  ^ 

'c     .      T.    ^    Z 

.Z.    * 

7    t? 

Z  -i  Z  -■ 

f    •( 

f 

t"    -I 

•- 

^  z 

^  i.   - 

C   s   V    •  '♦S 

*  z 

i     ■-     » 

i.|=^| 

t  ="1 

i-|<s'i 

H 

1  r  3 

^" 

X. 

^ 

n 

— 

— • 

/(.   ;;/.     K. 

/(.  m.    *'. 

ll.    III.        K. 

Kin!) 

(1  117  (i:i.  HI 

-  4.  Ml 

-  :..  Hi 

-•-M.TC 

(1  (Mi  .>. ;»(! 
(Il>  .j.1.  Ill 

(17  (II.  to 

0  :i7   H.  HI 

:n  :)i.yi 
;w  («».  .lit 

—  4. 

—  (!. 

41 
H 

(1  .'(7   14  IKI 

•-IT.  i^ti 
.'Hi.  lit 

1  !.")."> 

(IT  v.':i.  I(i 

■JliO 

(IT  (i:t.  si.'i 

1  !i.;ij 

—i-j.  >M 

07   1.1. -JI 
o;  (ll.v!7 

:i7  :i-j.()!t 

HH  12.07 

:    1(1. 

-47. 

•.'7 
•21 

1 

4^.i.  ;)(> 

a47.'>. 

07  -H.-Jl 

1 

U*.  H(i 

0  07  01. « 

1 

0   :)7  an.  i:) 

■  ■  ■  1 

Lonnitiul"'  <if  St.  Micliui'l's. 
J,iiiinitii(l>' 111'  Ativic 


1  V,  IH.  7.'!  ,  I      !'    *.'  '(■'■"•'^ 

ini  W9fi,00|   I jj.  n!'St.:»liiOi:ii  i  s        liil     .'.•••.>,•'.  (Ml 

1(«)  07  10.  7:>     I.'SUK.  lit  Kort  Ailanis        l.Vi    :»0  11.05 


RECONXAISSANC'K    OF    THK    YIKOy    UIVER. 


53 


(4.)  J.KfUiidis  of  ril-nii/,i((lik,  Aiir!<;  Xiihifo.  Fort  Ail(()iis.  ton]  Sriuift's 
YiUaiic. — Tlie  liitiliidcs  lijivr  Uccii  (•(tiiipiitcd  in  the  usiuil  wiiy,  tioiii  ob- 
served eirciiiii-iiieiidiMii  altitildi's  of  tlie  sun  ;it  these  |>l;ie«'s. 

The  t'o!h»\viii.ii-  t;d)h'  .nives;i  siiiiiiii;ir\'  of  I  he  ii'siilts  from  astroiiomicnl 
observations : 

Table  of  laliliKlts  and  loiu/ittKlc.s. 


Siiitiou. 


I.aliliiili'         LiMiizitiiili'. 


I'ikinilvt;ilik ■ '  (;:'■   11!    n  ' 

Aiivic fij  ;!7  v!l  '        nil  MIT    11 

Niiliito f.l  .10  •>:',  1 

Kurt  Adams t;.')  lis   11  l.Vj:!(!ll 

Sfiiafi\  X'illMur (I.'i  -JO  'il  , 

Furl   Vukun tii!  :!:i    17  !l."i   IV  .17 


Cn  A  PM'KIJ   IT. 
MAdNF/nc  ()I".si:kvati()N>s. 


h.  III.     K. 
(I  :)7  II.  (« 

•J7.  fll 

:<(>.  *ii 
4-i.  :ii( 


) 


The  maji'iietie  observations  which  I  have  to  submit  are  fe\\- in  nninl»er 
and  were  ol>taine(l  with  eonsi(h'ralth'  dillicultv.  The  cirnimstaiiees  jn- 
<'i(h'nt  upon  our  moih'  of  traveliii^i'  did  not  permit  the  use  of  the  magnet  ie 
instruments  except  at  I"'ort  Yukon.  Wiiile  at  tiiat  phiee  my  time  was 
so  miieli  oci  ni»ie'i  I»y  more  pressinii'  (bities  that  I  had  few  oppiritiinities 
to  ^ive  atrention  to  matters  outside  of  my  instructions.  A|»iM-eciatin;i-, 
liowever.  the  u'leat  impoi'tance  and  interest  wliich  woiihl  attach  to  ma^ 
iietic  observations  olttaiiied  in  so  lii;ih  a  hititmh',  I  de\oted  as  much 
time  as  possible  to  this  siil)ject,  and  I  submit  the  results,  regret  tiny'  that 
the  data  are  necessarily  set  incomplete.  The  observations  weie  all  made, 
by  myself  without  assistance,  and  I  miisi  plead  in  further  extenuation 
of  their  many  imperfections  my  inexperience  in  work  of  this  character. 

The  ma.unetic  ol>ser\ atory,  i-oiisistinii  of  a  small  tent,  was  pitchc(l 
about  litt.N'  yards  east  of  the  asti'oiiomical  observatory,  this  bein;^-  the 
most  distant  position  which  was  convenient  and  available.  The  poles 
were  without  ii'oii  jiins  oi- fasteiiiii.us.  and  the  ^^reatest  care  was  taken 
to  remove  from  the  vicinity  ever\  thiiiu'  which  mi,i;ht  atVect  the  position 
ol"  the  iiiaynet. 

The  instruments  emploved  were  theodolite  maiiiietomi'ter  No.  1*,  and 
dip  circle  \o.  'J.  both  by  Mi',  William  Wilrdemann,  of  Washinjiton. 

VN'ithin  1  he  obser\  atory  a  sound  piuepost  w  as  lirmly  imbedded.  I  piui 
it  the  declinomeN'V  was  placed  for  the  o  ■nervations  for  ma.unetic  decli- 
nation and  intensity.  'I'iie  obscrvatS  lis  for  varialioji  in  declinaliou 
were  made  on  the  !  ith  and  llllli  dav  of  August,  these  beiii;.;  the  only 
days  wliich  1  couh!  spare  Un'  this  purpose.  'I'lie  observal  ions  of  dellec- 
lion  were  made  on  t!ie  1  III),  and  those  o!'  v  ibration.  w  ith  and  witlnmt  the 
weight,  on  the  Kith.  Tiie  observations  lor  iiia;;iielie  iiiclinatiou  vncic 
inaiie  on  tin   -(ith. 

<  Ml  almost  every  ni'j;lit  d".v!'!V  (tiir  stay  at  I'oil  Yukon  biilliunt  dis- 
phivs  of  aurora  vveic  visible,  'i'lie  presence  of  aurora  undoubtedly  seri- 
ously allected  my  majiiietie  observations,  Indeed,  v  ariatioiis  due  to  somo 
iilnionmil  a;;i>nl  are  plainly  apparent. 


4 


I 


0 

t 


54  RECOXXAISSAXCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER. 

ApiKUOiitly  tlic  cfli'ct  of  tin*  aurora  upon  tlie  sns]»('n(l<'(l  needle  was  to 
draw  it  stroiijily  to  tlie  eastward.  To  tliis  statement,  liowexcr,  there  is 
one  notalile  exception.  An  observation  taken  at  0''  lid'"  a.  ni.  on  tlie 
ir>tli.  daring-  an  interval  of  tlie  astroiiondeal  observations,  at  n  liieli  times 
there  were  slight  indieati<»ns  of  aurora  in  the  sUv,  indieates  a  v<'ry  j^reat 
dellection  in  the  opposite  dire('ti<»n.  My  recollection  of  the  ciremn- 
stances  nmh'r  which  this  <»bservation  was  nnide  do  not  jnstify  its  rejec- 
tion as  an  err(»r  in  the  record,  llesides  this  horizontal  delh'ction,  the 
nniiiiM't  was  often  aiiitated  vertically.  The  record  shows  this  to  have 
l>een  the  case  al  11''  ."id"'  p.  m.  on  the  Kith,  and  at  Id''  I.")"'  ji.  in.  on  the 
same  day  slij^ht  oscillati(»ns,  both  horizontal  and  vertical,  were  oliserved, 
w  liich  I  i>resiime  were  jtrodiiced  Ity  the  same  cause. 

The  amoral  li,uhts  were  nmst  Inilliant  in  the  northeast  or  about  the 
inajiiietic  north,  and  Irom  that  <|nart«'r  traveled  in  Hushes  over  tin-  sky 
toward  the  west  and  south.  They  presented  the  appearance  of  a  series 
of  delicate,  tiaiispiiient.  silken  (^irtains  of  a  soft,  white  <*olor.  lirillianfly 
illnminat«'d.  and  moving  through  the  heavens  with  a  slow,  waving;  mo- 
tion, with  many  foldings  ;ind  imlbldinji's,  ws  if  s\\a.\('d  li\  licntle  itreezes. 
<  )n  one  occasion  thc>  apparently  camt;  so  iieai'  the  eai  Ih  thai  they  seMiied 
almost  within  the  reacli  ot  an  outstretched  hand. 

Some  persons  say  that  dnrin^i'  these  displays  they  haxc  heard  a  low, 
siiihin;;'  sonnd  :  but  this  I  have  never  noticed,  and  I  am  inclined  to  con- 
sider it  as  an  acoustic!  illusion.  So  imjiressive  is  the  effect  produced  by 
tlu  se  phenomena  that  the  \erv  stillness  seems  to  be  audi!)le. 

The  record  of  magnetic  observations  and  also  the  comiHitatioii  of  the 
xarions  magnetic  (piantities  will  be  Ibund  in  Api»endi.\  I!.  The  <'orree- 
tioii  in  declination  Ibr  each  day  has  been  obtained  by  taking' a  mean  of 
the  obs(  rv«'d  variations,  rejectinj:' one  (►bser\ation  on  the  Kith,  at  which 
time  an  aiiiiormai  motion  was  noted.  The  obserxation  on  the  irith  is 
also  rejected.  A  mean  of  the  corrected  declinations  for  the  two  liays  is 
assumed  as  tlie  most  probable  alisolute  value. 

The  experiments  ol  dellection  were  made  ill  the  usual  maiinei ,  with 
the  dellectiny  maj:iiet  at  three  distances.  The  value  of  the  ratio  >f  the 
magnetic  moment  of  1  h-' dellector  to  th'  horizontal  inti'iisity,  determined 
at  the  nearest  dislunce.  ditfers  so  miu-h  from  the  other  determinations, 
even  atfer  the  ••ejection  of  one  doubtful  observation,  that  I  have  tliouj;ht 
]»roper  to  reject  it  and  take  as  the  most  [)robable  xaliie  the  mean  of  the 
other  two  results. 

The  other  computations d(»  not  rcipiin'  exitlanatioii.  Tin'  final  results 
are  as  follows : 

Forf  Ytil.oii,  A l(islit(. 
c -----    (KP  IV.V  M" 

A :         Ito'    17'     17" 

Absolute  majiiietic  declination :  .'><i^  51"  44" 

Absolute  iiiauiietic  inclination 70'^  !!•' .'IL'" 

Horizontal  intensity L'.  7.!lM0 

Total  inteiisitv :  -       |.'»,  t71<L* 


I  I 


t 


) 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF   THE    YIKON    IJIVER.  55 


ciiap'im:!{  III. 

3n:Ti:()K()LO(;iCAL  oiiskkvatk >ns— a i/rrrrin:  of  foi;t 

VrKON. 

[,  Ohscrnifioiis. — The  instrnmciits  ciiiploviMl  in  rlicsi^  (thsciN  atiuiis 
Avci.  cisrcni  Iciidiiu'ti'is.  Nus,  Kill!)  iiiitl  ItJl.').  mikI  <h'.,  iiiitl  wet  hull*  tlic;- 
iiiomctcis,  l»y  (Jrct'ii  (tf  New  Vork.  iiixl  nii  iiiicr.titl  i);ir<»Mictt'r. 

Tlu'  cistern  biirnnictcrs  wci'c  conipnrcd  witii  ii  st;iii(l;ir»l  (No.  l."»71)  iit 
San  I''i';uicisco:  iUHJ  nt'tcr  the  rejection  of  al>norniiil  ohs('rviirion>.  the  t';)i- 
lowinji'  results  were  ol»taine(l: 

X().  l(.;i;;_("()n(.ciion  to  standard,  at  .".L'"  V..  — O.OL'f.!*  in. 
No.  KKlil— Convi  tion  to  standard,  at  oL'-  F..  — O.dl.'iS  in. 
Concetion  of  No.  KJO'.t  to  No.  lOl."..  at  .")L*^  V..       o.dl.SI  in. 

On  Septendti-r  I'd,  isdlt,  l)aronn'ters  ld(i!t  and  idl.'>  were  eomiiared  .il 
St.  .Micliaers  J.dainl,  and  the  difierence  at  '111"  l\  was  found  to  I.e  (l.(ll<17 
iricli,  indieatin.n'  a  possihie  ei'roi-  of  (l.Oi).".(»  inch. 

l''or  a  set  of  observations  at  St.  .Michael's  Island,  extending;'  o\ cr  three 
months.  I  am  indelttetl  to  the  voluntary  assistance  of  i'aptain  IJiedeJl. 
then  in  ehar.^c  of  the  tradin;.i'-starion  at  that  place.  These  oltser\ations 
were  commence. I  .1  uly  .'J.  and  terndmited  on  Septemiier  lid.  jsr.",!.  'I'ley 
wei'e  made  four  limes  daily,  at  the  hours  most  convenient  for<'aptain 
liiddell.  \  i/:  t'  a.  m.,  il!  m.,  ;»  \).  m..  and  '.t  [i.  ni.     'I'hey  com|>risc — 

1.   Iicadinii'  of  Itariunetei'. 

L'.   Heading',  td'  atla<'hed  thermometer. 

.!.   Keadiu;:' of  <U'lached  t luMinonu'ter. 

I.  Iicailinii' of  wet  1mi11>  thermonu'ter. 
o.   Direction  of  tin'  wind. 

«i,   l-'orce  of  the  win<l.  (estinnit(Ml.) 
7.  Anmunl  of  clouds. 
S.  Ivind  (»f  clouds. 
!>.  Iveimirks. 

The  instiiim«Mit  empl(»\ed  at  this  station  waseisiern  harone  fi-r  No. 
idl;;. 

Dnrin.n'  our  journi'y  on  the  river  Miudaroliservi lions  w  i-re  nnnh'  al  <  "r- 
I'espondin.u  h(»urs.  \V'hen  t  laxclin;:'  w  e  employed  the  ambroid  liai'  nuler. 
When  (»pporlunity  otiered  for  ()i)servatioti  op  -hore.  the  <i>teiii  Itinoni- 
eter  (No.  I  (!(>'.»)  was  used,  and  the  ol>ser\ations  wee  made  w  'honi  rciiard 
to  Iniiirs.  The  observations  weic  principally  made  by  Mr.  .1.  .',  Major, 
assisted   l)v  I'rivate    I'oley.     'I'hey  extend  from. Inly  I   to.lub       .  isdtJ. 

Ob.servations  were  nnide  at  !''ort  ^'ldvon  from  .Vuju'usf  ."»  to  .Vn.^nsl  L.*."*. 
1S»;!>.  They  etnnprise  the  sann-  eharaet«'iof  iidbiination  ts  tliat  ol)tained 
at  St.  Miciiael's  Island.  'I'hey  exteml  from  !•  a.  m.  to  >  p.  m..  and  are. 
as  a  ueneral  rule.  i'ee<trde(l  hourly.  Theie  are  sonu'  ouus>ionsand  some 
(»bser\  ations  between  the  hours,  as  oeeasionaIl\  \\e  were  all  iinulfan«'- 
(tusly  oeciii»ied  in  other  duties.  I'riv.ne  Michael  I'oley.  ued.  ,  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  Major,  was  the  oiiseivcr. 

II.  Allitiidrs, — The  circumstances  of  the  expedition  ibd  not  permit  a 
series  of  ol),servat  ions  to  determine  horary  correct  ions,  or  the  hei;Liht  o 
St.  .Micliaers  Island  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Ibirin;;  theJonriie\  the 
obs(rvations  on  shore -At  any  one  jilaee  were  neci'ssarily  few  in  numlier. 
Moreover,  the  oliserv  at  ions  aic  not  taken  at  such  hours  as  to  .uive  a  re- 
liaiile  mean  daily  lemperalnic.  An  at  tempt  to  <'on struct  a  prolih'  of  the 
river   from    the   dat:i   obtained  would,  therefore,  be  useless :  brcall.^e. 


i! 


i 


r>o 


KEC0NXAI8SANCE    OF   THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


«;\vin«;  to  ilir  ;i'>M\t'  i(iiisiil<'r;iti()iis  jiinl  tlic  iiiiccrtniiitv  iirtacliiii.u'  to  ob- 
s«Mv;iri.iiis  ill  ;i  lii;;li  hititiidc.  tlu'  onor  in  jiliifiidc  (if  iiiiy  ])(>iiit  would 
lti«»l»;i1ily  Ik'  ;i.s  nr.'iit  ;i.s  its  dirroiciicc  in  licinlit  jihuM'  tlic  next  lower 
jMiiiir  i-<i!ii|mt»'d.  siiKT  tin'  jivciiiiio  tiill  of  tlic  iivi'i'  iVoiii  l-'ort  Vnkoii  to 
rill-  si'M  is  only  ;ihoiit  tivi'  iiiclics  to  the  liiilc. 

I  liMVf.  tlu'icforc.  iittciiiittciloiily  to  dctciiiiiiic  IViuti  these  ol)seiViitioiis 
tin-  dilfeience  of  level  between  the  stiition  on  St.  MichiH'rs  Ishmd  ;mhI 
r-Mt  Vukoii :  and  tliciKM'  iii>|»ro\iniiitely  the  liei;^lit  of  Fort  Vnkon  iihove 
the  level  of  the  sea.  For  this  |»iii|)ose,  oliservntions  at  eorresi»ondin,ii' 
/</<•///  Incurs  (not  synchi'onons)  have  been  etunpared  ^itli  each  other. 
With  <oiiie  ottiie  ol>ser\  at  ions  tlKM'Xtciiial  tiMiijiei-.iniie  was  not  recorded. 
These  li.ive  been  ai'i allied  ill  a  set  by  tlieiiisel ves,  tVoiii  which  the  alti- 
tude h;!s  iieen  coiii|tiitrd  separately.  The  reiiiaiiiiii.u  (»bsei\  ati(»ns  form 
a  siiijLiic  s«'t  from  which  the  altitude  has  lieeii  <'("iii>uted  ami  coiniiared 
\i  irh  rill'  lirst  result,  l-'or  the  piirjiose  (>t'  distinction,  the  liist  set  is 
called  A.  and  the  set ond  15. 

The  formula  and  tallies  j;i\cn  by  Lieiuc  naiit  Colonel  1'.  S.  \\'illiaiiison 
i:.  his  ••  I'.aroiiierric  lly|is(»iiietry."  ( I'rofessional  I'apers  of  the  ( 'orjis  ot" 
I'.nmni'crs  Fnireil  States  Ariiiy.  No.  lo.)  lia\e  been  employed  in  the 
computation.     The  following;  is  the  foiniula: 


1(1  -f  ().(ML'(;i:r»7  cos  I'L) 


,!  +  >") 


h 


The  viluc  of  A  ]t)i>:       WHS  lirst  deterniiiied  as  Ibllows: 
Fioni  set  A — 

A  lo^-       ^  ;>,")S.(;  It  ;   /•„     -IT.o;  \vei,ulit,  )),=--  1 
Floiii  vet    IJ — 

A  lo;:      =^.;il.O  ft;  /■„  -    11.;; :   wci-ht.  p,,  -^  l.;J:  w— l':   (p)  r=-.2.:]; 

{)i  l>)  --.sn.'"..s 
Mean  of  sets  by  weight  — 

-     =    ...     .- ;5o(U:  /•„  =  (».  (-17,/      '-"•^•'     ^4.!Mt. 

A  mean   of  the  values  obtained  by  coiiiiiariiiji'  oliscrvalioiis  at   i-ach 
h<inr  .s^'parately,  jiivi's — 

A  lo-^'^  -.JUMi 

The  various  corrections  to  the  term   A  hi^i"       were     then     coiniiiited 
frt.ai  set  |>,  and  tlic  lollowiiiL;  i>.  the  linal  result  : 

A    lo-     '         ;;.-.(>.  1    1      J.f)  feet. 

11  • 


uix'ONNAissa>:cp:  of  the  ytkon  uivkr. 


57 


('iin«TtioM  iVoin  set  15  =  -f-  lM.(». 

Ilci^ilit  of  Fort   ViiUoii  iihovc  St.  .Micluicl's   Islainl  =  ;i7l' feel  i  4.{> 
f.-.-t. 

M>tiiii:it«'(l  lu'ijilit  of  St.  ."Michael's  Islaiitl  altovc   the  level  of  the  sea 
=  40  feet. 

nei;ilit  of  Fort  Yukon  ahove  tlie  lexcl  ot'  Ihe  sea     -  41-  feet. 

All  til*'  olisej-' atioMs  are  j;iveii  in  ApjtendiK  l>.  as  they  have  a  ineto 
or«»lo;rieal  interest.     The  ('onipntations  oi'  the  altitude  ol    Foit  Yukon, 
set>  A  an<l  il,  are  also  yi\en  on  i>ai;e  Hi'  ol'  the  same  ai»pen(li\. 


CIIAPTKK    IV 
Till-:  :\iAi\ 


eaeli 


It 


Four  maps  (»f  the  Yukon  U'ww  have  heeii  imldishod.  The  lirst  was 
(■on>tin<'teil  l»y  liieutenant  Zauosiun.  from  reconnaissances  made  1>\  liiui 
in  the  years  isti  and  1S|;5.  It  «'\tends  o:dy  to  a  short  <listanee  alnive 
Nulato.  'I'he  |»hoto,nra|»hi<'  copy  in  my  possession  is  on  a  \ery  small 
.<«-,de.  constructed  on  Mereator's  projection,  and  is  in  many  res]tects 
inaccnrate.  The  second  is  a  nmp  of  Alaska,  constructed  iVoni  ma])sand 
ollM-r  iidormation  in  the  possession  of  the  \Vestern  I'nion  'l'eleura]ili 
(ompanx.  and  i>ultlislied  in  San  l-'raneisco  in  lS(i'.>.  It  is  const iiicied 
on  Mei'cator's  pi()jection.  The  lower  part  of  Ihe  Yukon  l*i\er  is  prol»a- 
M>  taken  tioni  Zaj;()skin's  map.  The  upper  jiortion  seems  to  he  allo- 
j;«'ther  ima^iinary. 

In  the  sjuiny  of  1S(i<)  the  map  of  Mr.  I'lcderick  Wliyinjtei'  ai)p('nve<l. 
Jt  is  on  a  \»'ry  snnd!  scale,  haviny  lieen  constructed  to  acc(»mpany  his 
liook.  The  lower  part  of  the  river  is  principally  I'rom  the  map  of  Za- 
jjoskin.  except  flu'  Yuk(ui  Delta,  which  is  from  tin-  reconnaisance  of  ( 'ap- 
tain  K.  F.  Sndth,  ()ne  of  the  explorers  of  the  lele;4iaph  company.  The 
upper  part  of  the  river  is  laid  (lown  from  hearin.us  and  «'stiinated  dis 
tances  olt'.ained  l>y  3Ir.  \Yhym]ter  durin.u'  a  lajiid  canoe  Journey  fr(»m 
Foil  Yukon. 

Mr.  Whymper  puhlislu'd  this  nnij)  simjdy  as  a  sketch,  not  claimin.i;  for 
it  an\  de;j;ree  ot'  accuracy.  It  ]ios>esses.  of  course,  many  defects,  hut. 
con>idei  in.u' t  ne  <arcumstam'es  undei'  which  it  was  jiioduced,  it  is  re- 
inarkalily  j:ood.     It  is  constructed  on  ^Iercal<»r"s  |irojeetion. 

In  ls«;'.»  the  Fnited  States  Coast  Sur\  ey  |nil>lished  the  nmp  of  IMr. 
AYilliam  II.  Dall,  late  director  of  tlu'  scieiitilic  coi-ps  «(f  the  tele,uiai>h 
exploration.  This  map  iin-iudes  the  whole  Territory  of  Alaska,  ami  is 
on  a  small  scale.  The  lower  i»ortion  of  the  ViUvou  is  liased.  I  presume, 
on  the  map  of  Za;i()skin,  Inil  it  lias  recei\«'d  u'.any  correclions.  The 
^  ukon  helta  is  taken  from  the  rectmnaissance  ofCapiain  Smith,  ami 
the  upjiei'  portion  of  the  ri\er  from  .Mr.  Dall's  liearni;;s  ami  estimated 
distances,  obtained  dnrin.u'  ■:  canoe  Jounu'y  from  I''ort  Yukon,  in  which 
lie  was  the  companion  of  Mr.  Whymper.  .Mr.  Dall  also  had  Ihe  bem-lit 
ol'  >everal  year.s*  experience  on  tiie  lower  part  of  the  river. 

This  is  the  most  satisfaclorx  nmp  that  has  appiared  up  to  the  present 
time.  tliouLili  it  conlanis,  ol Cnuse.  >onu'  errors  which  could  no!  well  ite 
a\oided  w  itiioul  asironomical  oltsei  \  alion>.  It  is  eonslnicied  on  the 
pol\conic  project  ion. 

The  map  which  I  liavi- the  linaoi  titsubmil  with  this  icporl  i>  niainl> 
tin*  ri'sult  of  my  6\vii  lahors,  ami  those  t»f  .Mr.  .Major,  m\  assi>lani.     NN'e 


58 


RECOXXAISSAXCK    OF    TlIC    YUKON    RIVER. 


i 


do  not  ohuiii.  Iu)\vt'V(>r,  for  our  rocoiiiiiiissjincc,  wiiicli  wii><  in  most  ro- 
sjuN-ts  »»f  ih*'  Ntini>I»'st  cliiiriU'tcr,  tin'  iicfiuMcy  of  a  survey.  Xcvcrtlic- 
It'ss.  our  ;Klvatit;i.u:k's,  ill  sonic  pitrticulurs,  so  uiucli  cNcciMlcd  tlioso  ot" 
]uvvJoas  ex|»U>ivrs,  tliat  1  <lo  not  lu'sitate  to  I'laini  lor  our  niiii>i»  yroutcr 
<lt';,'^iif  t»t'  atfunicv  tlian  pertains  to  any  tliat  lias  yet  appcartMl. 

1  nill  «K'siTtU'  briefly  the  ])lan  on  wliicli  tlie  reconnaissance  was  cou- 
dnctiMl  :iiiil  the  method  of  c(His(ruction  employed,  and  endeavor  to  indi- 
cat4',  in  overy  instance,  what  assistance  has  i»een  ol)tained  from  other 
ma]«s  aiitl  ri-^ttn  individinds. 

Vmm  Si.  Mi*'haers  Island,  throuuh  the  canal  alonji'  the  coast  of  Xor- 
ton  SMind  to  the  Aphoon  mouth,  tiirom^h  this  uiouth  an<l  the  Kviclipak 
monili  to  the  main  rivi'r,  ami  thence  to  l-'ort  Yukon,  the  nia]>  is  con- 
siruclttl  truuM  our  observations. 

Thest»  «>l»s*'rvations  wei'<i  comnM'Uced  July  4,  when  we  left  St.  Mi- 
clia<l"s  Uhmd  in  the  litth  :'anu'r  Yukon,  and  continued  until  .lidy  HI, 
wln'u  \V(e  airivetl  at  Kort  Yu.on.  The  observations  were  all  taken  by 
Mr.  Major  and  myself,  and  were  made  as  follows:  Kach  observer  re- 
mai]H-<l  oil  duty  four  hours,  and  was  then  relieved  Ity  the  other,  t]u» 
observaiioiis  Cimtinuinu'  day  and  ni.yiit.  The  itineiary  was  kept  in  ordi- 
nary iiot»'-lHH>ks,  which  <'ould  l)e  conveniently  <'arried  in  the  hand  or 
]>ockof.  Till'  left  hand  pan'c  was  ruled  in  columns.  In  the  first  C(»lumu 
the  <J.Ui'  and  tlic  time,  by  an  ordinary  clock,  were  noted  :  in  the  next  the 
majLineiu"  »tnii-se  traveled,  observed  with  an  oi\linary  bo;it  compass,  read- 
ily- t<»d«';ri"tvs:  in  tiie  next  the  estimated  rate  of  progress  per  hour.  !;.ised 
«m  xhi'  nuniUa-  of  revoluti<»ns  of  the  steamer's  wheel  per  minute  and 
the  ni|«idiiy  of  the  current.  Tlu>  latter  was  estimated  usually  from  the 
ol>servod  lime  »»ecui>ied  by  a  small  i>iece  (>f  wo(mI  tloatinj;'  l»y  the  leni;th 
of  tlu-  sid-anu-r. 

Oil  t!u'  n::rf»t  hand  pa.ii'e  mis(n'llanoous  information  of  every  character 
was  n<»t«HK  .stteb  as  the  width  of  the  rivei',  (estimate<l :)  the]>osition  of  the 
boat  with  ivtotvrice  to  t!ie  axis  of  tiie  str;'am  ;  the  positioii^  of  islands; 
tlu*  |»osiiionsof  the  nu>uths  of  tributaiies  :  their  innnes.  directions,  and 
iicncmJ  Hianieter:  the  topoii-raphy  on  l)oth  Itanks,  occasionally  illus- 
trate<l  !»y  i>»Ui:h  sketches:  the  timber:  the  u'colo^ical  characteristics; 
the  ]>osinonsand  nauu'sof  villa.uesand  tradin.u-statnms.  (.\:c.  It  was  the 
«luty  of  t!u'  observer  tot»btaiu  and  note  as  much  infornmtion  as  possibh? 
iVom  n.uiwsaud  other  persons  ac(piainted  with  any  p(Utions  oi'  the  river. 
When  r4"li»'\"ed.  the  (»bserver  rec(U'ded  tlu'  whole  (listance  trav«'led  (esti- 
matcil )  «lnrin.:^  his  tour  of  «luty. 

Tiic  ni;i5»  is  e»»ustriu'ted  on  a  polyconic  i)roje(  tion.  the  taltles  published 
by  tlu'  Ituiv.tu  of  Navi,uati«)n,  Na\y  i)ei)aitnuMit,  bein,i;'  used.  The 
scale  is  1  inoh  to  .'.(^OUO  feet,  or  ,;„,/„„„• 

The  itaniHots  and  meridians  liaviui^'  been  constructetl.  tin'  positions  of 
tlu'  ]Mtints  known  from  ;istroiioinical  observations,  namely,  i'edoubt  St. 
IMichai-rs.  Anvtc.  Nulato,  l'\nt  Adams,  and  P'oit  Vukon,  were  carefully 
located. 

The  line  of  travel  was  tluui  plotted  from  the  itiiu'rary  on  a  lar.m'  scale, 
forty  shtvts  lH'iu.u:  used.  Tin*  distance  (in  yards)  correspomlin.u'  to  uny 
course  was  assumed  as  proporti(Mnd  to  the  estimated  rate  ]tcr  hour.  In 
this  pix-Iintiaary  consiruction  sixteen  hundred  and  fifty  c<uu'ses  were 
JihttUHl. 

The  nvor  was  then  plotted  on  the  scale  of  1lu»  map.  in  four  sections, 
vi/:  fi>»»n  |{«Hh>ubr  St.  .Michael's  to  Anvic:  from  .An vie  to  Xulato;  from 
Nulato  lo  Fort  Adams:  and  from  Kort  Adams  to  lM)rt  Vukon.  li:  this 
(••mstvurjion  tliecouises  shown  on  the  preliminary  sheets,  bein;;'  too  small 
to  be  plottetl  on  the  scale  of  the  map,  w<'i'e  reduci'd  to  lonyer  om's.    Tlui 


KECONNAISSAXCK    OF   THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


51) 


lljlillc 
COIl- 


kIiovc-IIik's  wcro  (lien  ('nrcfiiUy  skct'-licd  in  from  tho  notes,  tlie  luclinii- 
Hiiry  sheets  heiii^'  (H)nsiilte(l  !it  eveiv  stej*. 

The  four  sect HMis  were  then  rediuM'd  (in  h'lijjth)  and  "swunj:'  in"  lie- 
tween  tile  (h'terniined  jtositions  at  their  extremities.  In  every  instance, 
the  estimated  distan<'es  were  found  to  he  t(io  yreat.  Tiiis  is  (»win^  partly 
to  ilie  fact  that  nniny  slight  elianjics  of  diicetion,  taliin;,^'  in  the  lii'uri'- 
ftiite  c<*nsideral>le  time,  are  neuleeted,  and  somewhat,  prohably.  to  a 
iiatnr;.]  overestimation,  in  travelin^i'  ui>  stream  ajiainst  a  stron.^' current. 

I'nch'r  the  eireamstanees  <»!'  tlie  expedition,  (lescrihed  in  a  pre\  ions 
chai)ter,  we  found  it  diflicult  to  obtain  corrections  for  clmnjie  in  maj;- 
netie  variation.  Owinu' to  the  pr(il)ai»h'  ])osition  of  the  na.^iutic  poh' 
tlie  change  is  not  ^real  between  Nulato  and  I'ort  Yukon.  Ind'cd.  tiie 
error  in  measurenuMit  of  thean,ule  between  two  couises  due  to  a  nej;lect 
of  this  ehanjic  must  be  within  the  eri'or  of  the  readiny'.  Tliis  may  be 
re;;arded  as  <4('neially  true  lor  the  lower  jjortion  ot'  the  river  also.  The 
directions  of  the  llist  section  of  the  river  from  the  mouth  to  Anvic  are 
pi'ol>ably  the  most  in  error,  Xevertheh'ss,  by  this  construction  An- 
drcavsky  and  the  .Mission  fall  very  near  the  points  where  they  have 
been  hei'ctofoi'e  located,  and  this  portion  ()f  liie  ri\<'r  agrees  well  in 
other  respects  with  previous  niajis.  The  latitmles  Ity  const luction  at 
JMkmiktalik  and  Semiti's  \'iIIajL;e  a>;ree  well  with  theolisrrxcMl  latiiudes, 

The(»utline  of  the  coast  trom  Kotzebue  Souml  to  St.  Michaefs  Island 
isfrcun  the  map  of  the  Tnited  States  Coast  Survey. 

The  outlines  of  St.  3Iichaers  and  Stuart's  Islands,  except  the  side  ol 
the  latter  bordering;  on  "the  canal,"'  are  v.niw  Mr.  Dall's  majt. 

The  country  east  of  wSt,  Michaers  IslamI,  includin;;'  the  llat  country 
l)t>rderinjH'  the  coast,  the  valley  of  the  (lolsova  Uiehka,  and  the  valley  (»t 
the  ri>per  Anvic,  are  from  notes  ami  a  sketch  nuide  durin;;'  our  portaj;e 
to  the  coast. 

The  hills  parallel  to  the  coast,  from  St.  ^lichaefs  to  a  point  near  An- 
dreavsky,  are  merely  in«lieate<l,  as  we  had  no  opportuiuty  to  note  their 
characteristics,  althon^ih  they  coidd  lie  seen  in  the  distance. 

The  nuHilhs  of  the  ^  uk(U!,  with  the  exception  ol'tlu'  Aphoon.  and 
the  upper  portion  of  the  Kvichpak.are  from  a  traced  copy  of  the  sketch- 
map  ot  Captain  10.  IC.  Smith,  \\'cstern  Cnion  Tele,^■l•al>h  ("ompany,  which 
J  have  adapted  to  my  own  oiiscrvations. 

The  triltutaries  as  far  as  the  Anvic  ar«',  with  tlie  exception  of  the 
nH)Uths,  sketched  trom  iidbiination  obtained  from  tradeisaml  natives. 

The  country  in  the  vi(  !uity  of  the  ptnta.uc  troai  the  Kousl;okvim  i;i\  er 
to  the  Yukon  is  taken  tiom  a  sketch  m''de  at  my  itMpiest  by  Mr.  Zandt, 
a  trader,  who  traversed  it  early  in  the  summer  of  iSO'.t. 

The  .\n\ic  l'i\<r  is  constructed  from  nr)tes  taken  durin;i'  our  Jou"ne\, 
but  details  could  not  be  recorded,  as  we  were  oldiycd  U>  keepc«)nstant ly 
at  work  at  the  patldles. 

The  Sha;j;('lo(»k  Slouch  ^with  the  exceptitui  of  i.  cut  ranees,  ami  the 
cross  sloujihs,  which  were  obsci\cd)  ami  the  Shajidook  Ki\er  are  taken 
from  the  nuip  of  Za;^oskii!,  and  niformation  from  tiaders. 

The  tributaries  ■iciU'rallN ,  as  I'ar  as  Nulato,  w  ilh  the  exception  (»f  their 
nHtidhs,  are  taken  from  the  reports  ot'  traders  and  natiws.  The  nntiith 
of  the  Kaiyiih  li'i\ ci  was  not  oiisei\ed,  but, as  its  existence  is  undoubti'd, 
it  has  been  sketched  in  tiom  the  map  (»f  Mr.  l>all. 

The  valley  of  the  Inalachleet  1»M\  cr,  and  the  topo;:raphy  Ix't  ween  that 
river  ami  the  Yukim,  except  the  country  borderiuji;  the  latter,  has  bei-n 
indicated  jicm'rall.N  Irom  Mr.  DalPs  map  and  desciiptituis. 

i'he  Ku\iikid<  I{i\er  and  its  tiilaitaries  are  taken  from  a  r(m;'.h  sketch 
made  by  Cajdain  liiedell,  sui»eriniendenl  of  the  tratUnystatiou  at  St. 


(\0 


KECOXNAIS8AXCE    OF    THE    YIKOX    RIVER, 


^licliaol's  Tslainl.  iiiid  from  iiiloniiiitioii  collcctcil  innon.n"  the  tiii'^-rs  ninl 
natives:  ami  tlif  Tosckar^iit  iJivcr  and  its  hiaiiclics  arc-  olitaiiifd  lioni 
tin-  saiitc  siMiitc. 

Tlic  triliiitaiics,  yciM'rally,  IVoMi  Xiilalit  ti)  I'oit  Yukon,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  their  mouths,  are  taiven  iVom  the  reports  of  traih'rs  and 
natives,  and  theTanam'i  Iviveris  based  upon  a  rou.i;h  sketch  and  descrip- 
tion olttained  Irom  a  nati\('. 

The  ishinds  liaxc  ;,;-enerall.v  been  carefully  h»cat('d.  ISetweeu  thelfam- 
pailsand  I'ort  Vukttn,  however,  the  rixcr  is  so  wide,  and  the  islands  are 
so  luimerous,  that  accurate  determinatitMis  of  tlu'ir  i>osition  was  tound 
impracticable.  The  islands  aloujn'  the  channel  traxeled  \v«'re  noted,  and 
the  rest  fdh-d  in  from  the  descriptions  and  rou;^h  sketches  of  nalives. 

The  tradinji-stations  and  villa.u»'s  ar-'  all  caretully  locati'd  frouj  the 
notes.  F.veii  rarhcs  and  graves  Innc  Iteen  marked,  sini'c  thev  niay  be 
useful  as  huul  Miaiks  to  futiii'c  exploicrs. 

For  names  in  common  iisi'  amon.u  the  traders.  1  lia\'e,  in  every  case, 
adopted  tlic  customary  orthography.  Such  names  are  I' iKthirhhrt.  An- 
(Ircdrsl://,  Anrir.  Xiihtto,  \iicli(c(ii/itt<\  Tunami.  Other  names  (such  as 
those  of  nati\('  viljajn'cs  and  small  tributaries)  were  mtted  in  the  itinerary 
and  si'i'Hed  so  as  to  represent  tlie  pronunciation  as  nearly  as  possilde. 
This  spejlin,!.;  has  occasionally  been  subsopu-ntly  simplilied,  but  ,u'ener- 
ally  it  has  been  retained  w  ithout  change.  'JMie  ])honeti<*  system  proposed 
and  emi»lo\ed  by  Mr.  Dall  has  its  advanta^'cs,  but  I  lia\«'  not  felt  at 
lil)eity  to  follow  it  in  cases  where  other  forms  are  actually  in  use. 

-Many  names  are  uiven  which  will  n«»t  be  found  on  other  maps,  and 
some  which  lia\e  been  j^iven  by  others  are  omitted.  1  have  also  for  ;i 
fi'W  localities  irscd  ditferent  nanu-s  from  those  heretofore  employed. 
These  discrepancies  nniy  be  accounted  for  iiy  the  fact  that  the  native 
\iIla,L;('s  (with  a  few  exceptions)  ar<'  constantly  chan;.;in.i;',  s<»me  bein;;'' 
aliaiidoned  and  others  constructed.  .Vnother  cause  of  dilfcreiice  in 
names  is  the  uncertainty  of  the  souices of  inl'ormation.  I  have  in  nearly 
all  cases  used  the  iianu's  actually  reemded  in  the  itinerary:  luit  1  cannot 
claim  for  them  anyde;i;ree  of  correctness  <;re.iter  than  that  of  the  nanu'.s 
enii»l(»yed  by  others. 

An  outline  nnip  of  Alaska  and  adjacent  territory,  sliow'in<jthe  relative 
jxisitiim  oi  the  Yukon  Ifivei',  has  been  constructetl  in  a  convenient  jdaci^ 
upon  the  map.  With  the  exception  of  the  sketch  of  the  Yukon  IJiver 
IVom  Fort  Yukon  to  the  sea,  it  is  taken  from  the  map  of  the  Cnited 
States  Coast  Survey,  published  in  1S(»'.>,  in  which,  however,  all  known 
errors  have  been  corrected. 

I  have  constiucted  a  table  ol'ilistaiK'cs  on  the  Yukon  IJiver,  and  alon^ 
till'  coast  to  St.  Michaers  Islaml,  which  will  be  found  in  Appendix  1), 
l»a,u('  11.).  In  these  deterndnatious  the  following'  nu'thod  has  been 
i-mployed  :  The  distaiu'e  (on  a  yreat  circle)  between  two  points,  deter- 
mined by  astrononncal  observations,  was  computed  lirst  from  the  known 
latitudes  and  lon,uitudes,  and,  secondly,  from  the  observed  cmirses  and 
estimated  distances.  It  was  then  assumed  that  the  second  c(unpide(l 
distance  is  to  the  iirst  as  the  estinmted  lenjith  of  any  course  situated 
l)etween  the  determined  points  is  to  the  triu'  K'U^i'th.  'I'he  errors  were 
founilto  be  always  positive,  and  consequently  the  corrections  aie  always 
iic;iative.  The  river  was  divided  into  live  parts  and  the  eorr»'ctions 
were  dcternniH'd  separately  for  each  part.  The  averaj^c  correction  is 
alxiMt  o.L! I  of  the  est imated  distances  run.  This  method  involves  two 
.sources  of  ina<-curacy.  Tiie  first  is  the  assumption  that  for  a  short  dis- 
tance (say  two  hundred  miles)  the  errors  in  otimation  are  ino]>ortioiial 
lo  the  distances  run.     If   is  thought  that  llu'  errors  arising  from  this 


RECONXAISSANCK    OF    THH    Yl.'IvOX    UlVfJJ. 


ni 


sonrcc  nrt-  not  serious.  ;is  no  iittciiipt  lias  liccii  made  to  estiiiiat<^  smaller 
fractions  than  half  a  mile.  The  second  is  the  fact  thai  no  i-orreetion  is 
applied  lur  errors  in  direction,  the  data  iK'in;^' i"^>itlicient  loi' their  deter- 
mination. It  is  to  he  oltserved,  however,  that  the  ciuisftnif  error  in  the 
measnrement  of  an  an.u'h'  between  two  conrses  with  a  sluwnio\  in^' 
needle  is  ]»ositive,  re(inirin;;- a  system  of  i»ositi\  e  corrections  to  he  ap- 
plied to  the  ne<;ative  eovreetions  determined  for  the  estiniat«'(l  dis- 
tances— in  (»ther  W(»rds.  the  distam-es  as  determined  are  prohahly  a  little 
too  small :  hnt  as  an  allowance  must  he  made  for  nnnecessary  tninini;s, 
ami  the  fact  that  the  shortest  course  was  prohahly  not  always  taken.  I 
have  tluMi^iht  hest  to  n»'<ileet  this  err(»r. 

The  tahle  jii\cs  the  //vnv/r^/ distances,  which  are  not  al\\a\  s  measnred 
alon.u'  the  axis  of  the  ri\('r.  In  s(»me  places  convenient  cnt-oIVs  ma- 
terially shorten  the  ronte:  while  in  others  a  tortnons  channel,  winding- 
amonji  islands,  increases  it  iimcli  heyond  the  <listance  measnred  (in  the 
nia]). 

To  the  hest  of  my  knowledge  the  oidy  tahh'  of  distances  on  the  \n- 
kon  iv'iver  ever  heftire  i>uhlished  is  uiven  hy  Mr.  Dall.  in  "Alaska  and 
•its  IJesonrces."     Mr.  DalPs  character  as  an  ohservei' denmnds  for  it  a 
liiinh  decree  ot  lespect. 

A  comparison  of  the  distancfs  estimated  hy  Mr.  Dall  and  hy  myself 
will  exhihit  many  apparent  discre]»ancies,  hut  I  helieve  that  they  may 
all  he  satistactorily  accounted  tor  hy  the  lollowin.u'  circnmstances: 

1st.  :Mr.  Dall  estimated  alonj.;'  the  (nis  ul'  the  river,  while  I  estimated 
alonji'  the  traM'led  channel. 

I'd.  Mr.  Dall  necessarily  assumed  cmtouoous  ]iositions  for  some  ]>oints 
which  are  now  located  with  tolerahle  accuracy;  h)r  instance,  Kort  Yu- 
kon and  the  mouth  of  the  Tosekarjiiit. 

.")d.  Mr.  Dall  estinmted  while  travelin.y  down  the  sticam.  wliereas  I 
osiinnited  a;iainst  the  current. 

TheditVerencesilue  to  the  tirst  two  causes  mimed  can  he  approximately 
ascertaincil.  ami  I  have,  in  fact,  computed  them  for  a  lar^e  poition  of  the 
river;  hut  it  seems  unnecessary  to. discuss  the  suhject  at  length  in  this 
l»lace.  The  general  coiiu-itleuce  of  the  results  conlirms  nw  in  the  belief 
that  mv  talde  of  distances  is  reasouahly  uccurate. 


I    i 


I 


■fti 


) 


A  P  1»  K  \  D  I  \    A  . 

KEcom)  AND  i:i:i)I(:ti'»v'  ok  astijoxomical  oijsicifw. 

TIONS. 


) 


oi5si:kvatioxs  with  skxtant. 

N'OTl;.— Only  till'  <)l).sti>atii>iis  iinjili^yr  I  ii>  lliv  c'linimtiiliotis  mv  given  in  tliii*  miiirinlix. 

Sitka.  .Ijnil  -JV,  I-tlD. 

Scstaiit  \o.  4  iiitil  linii/fiii  iif  innriiiy— M.  T.  cliiononMl.T  X,,.  .-.ll'.i,  l,v  IJniniiKl-Ol.s.'i  vcr,  Cai.tain 
(  hailis  \\  .  liiiy  iiKinil,  I'liiti  d  .Stitt>'H  KnuiniMiH— Ki'ci.nlcr,  Mr.  J.  J.  .Mii.joi 

^  -:tv  (w  rn"  x.       a=  idjo  itj'  o-j"  \v. 


Olijict  olisci  Vfd. 


Unu'ri  lo\v(  r  liiiili,  a.  m 


(Icml.l.alti-    rim... .fob- 
I        tuilf.  «'>vati..li. 


Olisiivcd       ...  . 

Ol.J.'.t  ol.s.TVtd.  .l..iilil.iilti-    ""'<•".'"''■ 

i       tint...       i  "-'vat...... 


J      1      it 

h.     III.      K.                                                                                             \            O       1         II 

1 

'     h.  VI.    !< 

Kl    Id   (K) 

11  o:i  o:i.  H      Sun's  I.iw.t  limli.  ti.  m  ...       m;  on  oo 

•i  .".!!    Ill   .1 

M  (10 

o:i  :t7.  ti 

K")    ."lO   0.1 

."•O  .■)7.  4 

H  IM  (III 

04  ;).->.  f 

40  00 

■1  00  :u.  i 

10  00 

o.->  .-..v  H 

no  00 

01  .">:t.  i 

SO  00 

ot;  ao. -4 

90  00 

O-J  40.  (1 

:io  (H) 

07   lO.O 

10  00 

o;i  :t.'>.  0 

i)  00 

m  ['.>' 

(HI  (10 

04  4.'>.  0 

.lO  (M» 

00   I'J.  0 

1^4  .^)0  (HI 

05  40.  1 

W  00  00 

10   11. T 

40  00 

I't!  .'U.-J 

10  uo 

11  0.-).8 

ao  00 

07  -,'7.  4 

•iH)  00 

:io  00 

11  .-)H.  H 
lit  10.  M 

so  00 

10  (M) 

O.'  •J7.  !j 
0!(  -i.'i.  ,■< 

■10  00 

i:)  .-.!•.  fi 

00  00 

10  '>.  6 

no  00 

14  .-.!!.  0 

8:1  .'iO  (Ml 

11    O'.l. 'J 

eC  00  00 

1  o  .V).  7 

40  00  , 

1-J  OS.  0 

I'..L;iiiMiii:.'..t<.l.-<iivati.>ns:   lianiiiiit.c,  ;tO.;i,-)0:  »li.nii..in.t>r,  41I-.0  1.    Kii.l  .itdbs.'ivalimi.s:  Jian iri- 

.to.  100;  tliiiMioimtrr,  jj  .,J0.  ' 


ScKtant   X.>.   I   auil  Inn 
CI 


u.l  luin/.m  of  nii'iriiiy— M.  T.  .•lif..M<ini..tfi-  X...  ,->l4!l,  by  Hanaiiil— Oli.sciv.T.  ("aiptain 
laiL.s  W  .  KayiiKHiil,  I'nittMl  States  Knsi"''''''*— lii'L'<>i<UT,  Mr.  J. .f.  Miyor. 


Object  obnerv.'d. 


Siiii'.H  lower  limb,  a.  m 


Ollsorvpd    I  rr-  ,■    1  OliHervnil    I 


tude. 


■=    '     "   <  h.  III.    H. 

H  00  00  10  •>  44.  s      Snn'Mlowerlimb,  p.  ni    . 

10  (M)  :        .^il  -i-i.  f 

•M  00  I  11  00  10.4    I 

ao  00  I      01  01.  f  '! 

•10  00  I        01  55.  4 


»er\ation. 


-    •      ■■    i     /..  ■ill.    ». 
^4  40  00  ,      a  1-J  54.  8 

ao  (III  I        la  ao.  8 


uo  00 
10  00 
00  00 


14  10.0 

15  0.").  4 

10  Of.  0 


niKiiuiinc  <dobHer\ati..n.s:  Har.Hnctor,  ao.oao  ;  tberiuometor,  Sa^.OO.    Kiid  if  obsorvatioiis  :  Uaromu. 
ter,  JO.OIO;  tluTiiioiiK'ter,  54-.50. 

S.  Ex.  12 5 


6C 


RECONNAISSAVCE    OF    TUl-l    YCKON    RIVEK. 


Obwrralioiix  irilli  mv<((i/'— C'mitiimvd. 


Si  \t;llit    .V' 


<?l'\.V!,.\SK.\,  Mlll/'H't.  l-'ti'J. 

I  iiiM(  Iiorizoii   (,r  inciruiT— M.  T  <liif.iiMii,.  I.r  Nn,  M  CI,   l.y  [!;iri;iii.; -^)lis('iv(>i ,  C'iilitniii 
CliHvlih  \V.  UmmiiihiiI.  Ciiitiil  SI.iI.-.h  Kimiii.v  .+— Kccnnlv.    Mr.  .I..I.  Mii.i<.i. 


OlljfCt    (ll).S(TV('ll. 


8uu'»  Uiwcv  liiiib.  II.  Ill  . . . 


»»>K('I'Vf(l 

tltmUli'iilti- 
tuilf. 

Tiiiicof  (ili- 
hciviiti'iii. 

,:>     t     n 

h.  VI.    *. 

<)M  ()((  no 

\\i  <:t  oil.  li 

III  nu 

•i:t  44.'.> 

•JO  00 

n  :tvMi 

:io  uo 

4:.  OH.  4 

40  Ull 

).-,  n.-i.  1 

no  00 

411  :iii.  II 

04  00  till 

47    Hi.  4 

1(1  00 

47  41).  4 

'j»  Wl 

4-  n-i 

;io  00 

4'l  -Jl.  4 

40  m 

no  JO. -J 

:>»  iio 

no  40.  li 

05  Ull  ou 

ni  -^4. 4 

10  OH 

,Vi  U6 

'JO  tin 

:,'i  ni.  4 

:<o  00 

n:i  ao.  4 

40  00 

n»  I-J.4 

no  tm 

n4  ni*.  li 

00  00  «i. 

.M  4ti.  4 

10  o« 

ni;  -j^.  (I 

■i.\<  ii<i 

.'i'.    Oil,  -J 

uo  OH 

57  nn  (i 

40  OH 

nu  :tH.  4 

ro  00 

.nil  14.0 

97  no  00 

1  mi  07.  (i 

111  on 

00  .ili.  0 

'JO  ou 

01  an." 

:ii)  on 

o-j  r..  4 

40  00 

n:»  1-:).  h 

:<o  00 

o;<  40.0 

08  no  no 

04  'J!l.  -i 

10  on 

on  i;).  4 

so  00 

on  n4.'J 

:<)'-  00 

m;  :ic.  o 

4(1  0(1 

07  :aii 

,'iO  00 

Of  OV  4 

OUji'ft  obKi'v»'«l. 


SmiH  liiMi'V  liiiil".  11.  lu 


(  )i  XI 

•I  I  I'll 

Tiiiii  "lull 
mTviitiuii. 

liciiiMi  iiUi 
tuUv. 

o 

/    // 

k.  III.   *. 

Of 

no  (III 

5  If  JV.  0 

.(0  nil 

HI  -JO.  'J 

:io  oil 

111  .14.  -i 

■Jll  00 

'JO  44.  K 

III  (III 

•ji  ;io.'3 

Oil  (III 

•J-J  Kl.iJ 

OV 

.'•'"  0(1 

•j-j  no.  4 

111  00 

•J(i  4l>.(> 

:<o  00 

-j4  -.n.-i 

-JO  (10 

'jn  10. 4 

Id  no 

•jt;  o:i.rt 

00  1(1 

•ji;  ;k  h 

"Hi 

no  (10 

'J7  'J.-*.  H 

40  00 

•jf  (Mi.  ef 

:<o  no 

Hi-  47.  H 

-JO  00 

'JO  'Jli.  (* 

10  00 

:in  It!  - 

00  no 

:ti  0,'  „ 

on 

.Ml  0(1 

'.tl   40. 1) 

4^1  00 

•.l-J  -JO.  ^ 

:io  0(1 

:t:t  10.3 

■JO  (1(1 

:i:i  .no. '.J 

III  no 

:(4  :t;i.  -i 

00  00 

x.  i:i.(i 

04 

'.,1  00 

;tn  'M.  (> 

40  0(1 

3«  44.  r, 

:io  no 

37  'JO.  li 

JO  (III 

:tf  1-j.ti 

Id  (Ml 

3>  W.  (i 

on  ii(i 

30  im.i; 

o:t 

no  on 

40  11.0 

40  (HI 

4(1  n3. 8 

;in  00 

41   40.1:? 

jn  (III 

4'J  l-J.  el 

HI  no 

4-j  nn.  0 

00  uo 

43  ;w.  4 

15t;;inoU.«;  IJimmictcr,  30.3n0  ;  tfHTFii«nn-tc'r,  54 '.nO.      Kml  ■•  r.i«Mliu-lir.  30.4.70;  thirmomrti  r,  .nO'.OO. 

Sr.  MuiiAKl.'s  isi,\.\i>,  .liihi  1,  l-'4i!». 

««'xtanl  :Vii.  4  iiiiil  linri/dli  u(  mi  nun  -  AI.  T.  rliiiuiiiinclc  c  .V...  ni  10.  Iiv  Itniniiul— OOwrvcr,  Cuptniii 

Clmri.nAV.  I!;i.\iminil,  I'.iilnl  .S4;iti'»  Kiijjiiircrs— UitiuiUt,  Mr.  J. .J.  Miijnr. 

>;>     03'  JH'  00'  N.         A   .  Uil-'  n-J   "Jf  '   \V. 

OliMi'ivrd    I., 


I 


,,, .       I         1         I    1 1    1.'  I  'riiiii'iii'iii 

Object  iilim  1V...I.  iloul.l.-iilM     „„,.,.,„i„„ 

tmli'. 


iiuii'sluwir  linili,  11.111 


p.  Ill  . . 


OlljlM't    (l^.-iTVI'll. 


41l)Hf|-V(  ll 

ilnlihli'  iiIp. 
tmlc, 


I         '^     I  JI 

03  rio  00 

{     04  no  00 

I          to  no  to  '.;.">.  I 

'          '.jn  m  -JI  111  0 

3(1  00  'JJ  'JO.  H 

HH  rJO  00  ,     3  40  3(1.  4 

10  ou  I         50  'Xl.  'J 

]            00  (K)  51  14.4 

»1  50  (Ml  S'4  Ili,  H 


h.  m.    H.      ' 

l-J  Mi  44.4      Huu'it  liivst-'i'Uml),  |i.  m 
17  51. 'J 


I  O       I         II 

.!     87  40  no 


Ti  HUM  it'll)  I 
itiTvaliiiii. 


h    m.   »■ 
3  73  30. 0 

«i  00  j        nn  M.  4 
III  no  I        ,nti  -411. 4 

(HI  (HI  57  44.  4 


WI  50  00 
40  00 
30  00 
>J0  (HI 
10  (NI 


.n-  .n4.'J 

4  IH<  01.0 
(II  07.  (i 
O'J  (Hi.  0 
U3  03.  'J 


Uaromi'l»i,rjO,tnO;  tluiimimoUT,  (MS^.OO;  iiulfx  i-imi,  0. 


9 

IlECONNAISSANCK    OF    THK    YUKON    KlVEit. 

61 

Ohncrra 

'iinis  ivilli  'ii.iliiiit — ('imliniu'd. 

i'lli.MlK  I.M.IK,    July  4,   l!H\'J. 

% 

.Si  \l;iiit  No.  4  iiinl  liiiiiziiii   of  incriiirv 

—  M.    T.  clii-oiKniMtiT  Xo.  ."il  10,  liy    Itiiraiid— Ob.Hi  iviT,  Cui>taii 

Cll.lllr.s  \V.   KilV  IMolld.  I'l 

itiil  .Si.itis  I',ii-ii IS — Krcoiilir,  Mr.  .I..I.  Major, 

tfi    ii:i'  1.1'  11"                           A     itWJ  -if,' Oil" 

1    OlmiTVcd 

TixHofol..':         -„  .     .    ,            ,           i   <>l.s.-rv.-d 
^.  ,,,.,,,:   ,,               OliiiM't  oUsi  r\  1  <1.           1  dimhlialli- 
■'*'"'""•    '                                                         tad.'. 

il                                                   i 

OllJfCt  ollSi  TVcil.                ilolltilfillli- 
tllilr. 

1 

'rime  of  oil- 
-irv  alioii 

I 

{.                                                   1 

1           o       '        't 

1 

h.  'M.    ».      !                                             '       '-'    '     " 

k.  m.    x. 

iSiiii  «  lower  liiii\>,  i;.  iii !)"  IK)  (10 

Vi  M  07.0  1;  Sun's  lo\v<r  liiiili,!).  Ill  ...       li.-'  :iO  00 

1  ,57  51.  (1 

(i."i  00 

."■7  n.">.  7 

■j!i  :io 

,50  00.  4 

In  nil 

rr,  11.4 

•JO  no 

•J  (III  .'.,"1.  4 

l.'i  (III 

.'I'.i  ii.'i.  a  1 

■J7  nn 

nl    1-J.  0 

-JO  00 

1  nil  117. 0  I 

•J7  nil 

111   ."lO.  0 

■S>  no 

ni  :i4.  0  ! 

•Jl  .■^iii 

il'J  .'iJ. -J 

]          :)o  (HI 

(I-;  .'.7.  -i  ! 

W  1)5 

o;i  4."..  rt 

i     iW  :i«  .III 

I  .'ill  no.  rt  1 

|H  :i5 

04  ■If.  4 

p.  in  —            ;«)  10 

54  Oi  4  ' 

1            15  55 

Uo  40.  II 

liiilix  cfior,  0. 

Aw  If. ./((/// 1:!.  1  ■•(,;•. 

8i'XtiUit  N'li.  1  ii!iil  liuii/ipii  iif  miniiry- 

-M.  r.  cliioiioiiiilrr  No.  ir.O'.i,  li\  lUi.is  and  (ri'i^liloi 

-oh.sfrvir. 

«;.Jl»tiiili  (jiiiillr.H  W.  liiiyiiio'iii 

,  rnilcd  Stat(-.'<  Knuiin'<  r.^— Ui'coiiU  r.  .Mr.  ./.J.  .Miy 

ir. 

0      la^  01'  00"         A      15'.>'  4J'  UO" 

i 

■  Olwcrvf'd 

:                                                                    1 

Tinii'ojoli-             (jhiiit  ol).si  i\  (it.            dmiiili  alii- 

Ol.j.M   ol..  .  I-..1I.           Muiii.l.'Mlti- 

Tiiui'of  oil 

* 

tmlf. 

m.'rvatioii.               ^  .1  V .    .  .    > .                   t  ..    '    '•"' 

xrrvalion. 

<i      '      /; 

II.  III.    f,                                                                    '     '' 

h.  III.    K. 

Suns  hnn  !■  liiul),  a.  m  . . . .       81  :«)  00 

II  4i  41.  r      Sun's  u|n»'r  linil).  p.  m. . .       OH  HO  00 

■i  :i7  47.  0 

•10  (10 

rt  :i,-..  0                                           1          :»■»  (K) 

:i!t  :t(i.  0 

1 

M  nil 

1 1  :ij.  I)                                           1          :!7  iMt 

40  10.5 

f.{  00  no 

l.'i  :fi.  -                                              '          :iii  (Ml 

40  .".1.5 

If 

III  nil 

Hi  -.'7  .-'                                                     :i."i  no 

41  :iii.o 

'JO  on 

17  •Ji'i. .'(      Sun  n  lowir  liinli,  p.  n»  .         i-l  ."lO  on 

4  i:t  -j-j,  5 

:to  no 

4h  o.(,  5   :                                                           40  Oil 

44  1^5 

.^0  00 

."ill  1.-).  0    1                                                           .•(()  no 

45  Si.  5 

.-;i  (III  no 

."d  01.:!                                                        -.'n  no 

III  -J-J.  5 

III  nil 

.vj  11.1,  :i                                                        III  on 

47  ;t!..  5 

•jn  III 

.■.:i  m.  .->                                               1           nil  on 

4-    III.  7 

:(o  on 

.■^lil  ;■!•.  5  I                                            \      f.i  :<[)  nn 

!0   I'J.  5 

40   (Ml 

51  ."i7. 0  '                                              ,           40  IKI 

;.ll   1.5.5 

,'>o  00 

.Vi  ,".4.  0                                                           ;;;)  ihi 

51  'JI.7 

f4  00  00 

.V!  ,■■7.  0                                                              '40  (HI 

,".'J  17.5 

10  00 

57  5'.i.  0                                                        in  nn 

.'r.l    07.5 

•ill  on 

.V  4.'i.  0                                                1           nil  no 

51  jn.  0 

:mi  no 

,"i!l  ."lO  0                                                                          82  .".0  (H) 

,'i5  In.  7 

'III  iin 

I'J  III  nn.  n                                                        ,'in  no 

.".(i  ,'iO.  5 

.'til  on 

n,"  on.  0                                                           o))  (,() 

57  40.  ;j 

Sun's  upii-  r  liinli.  11.  ni  . . . .       W  4'^  15 

'i  '.'«  5f,  5                                                          '              10  00 

,>  44.0 

1            4t  0.-1 

ai  'JO  0                                                00  IN) 

.50  ;ii..'i 

1           1-.!  no 

.'M  -JO.  11                                                         81  ,50  on 

5  0(1  4:1.  :i 

1            11  nn 

,15  •J.5. 0                                                              1              4(1  0(1 

Id  11.5 

1             4U  OU 

■  ■   ! 

:i«  Jii.  0 

1 

loiiU't.'r.  (ir.( 

'             UU  IH) 

uu  x^.  3 

H.'u'iiiiiiiij:  IViioiiiiicr, QO.;>'a;    llitrn 

0.     Knd:  naioniclrr. 'jn.tmo:    tlicrnumi 

I'liT,  (rp..5o. 

Index  crrol-,  0. 

\'i-i..vi(i,  Jiiiii  r.',  i-(;it. 

^ 

St'stniil  No.  n  nni!  liorjzon  oC  iiiricni'v- 

-Nf.  T. '  liiiinniinirr  No.  ICOO.  liy  ItllsH  and  ('niy;litoi 

1— oiwervir. 

Cujitiiiu  (lull  lit  \V.  U;i>iniiiii 

1.  roilid  Siati'.i  KiiKinci  IS— lii'ioidi  T,  Mr.  .I..J.  Sla.ji 

U'. 

0^(1 

4-^  40'  3:1"          A-aSt!'  W  00" 

« 

.......... 

(Mill  rvnl 

Tillii.iil'nll                                                                                    (UmiTMlI 

Ii."vutloii!    .         *^"^''''^  ol.....rv.il.           douldialll. 
j                                                 tutlo. 

Omtict  oliHri'vi'd.           doiildialti' 
\       t)id«. 

1 

'rinii'ofoli' 
wrvntliiii. 

Sun's  lowvr  Uinb,  n.  ni  . ..  . 


"    '     "   I  *.  m.   «, 

71  .m  00  j  II  (I'J  l,V5      Sun '.■<  low.T  llmli,  a.  Ill 

10  no  I       0:1  o,!.  II 

U)  00  i       04  oa,  V 


T'J  (H)  IH) 
10  00 


A.    til.     M, 

11  04  ,57.0 

05  .:o.  0 


lluromptcr,  30.9.M ;  thrrrnomctiT,  74".0O;  Intli'x  error,  — 3'  30". 


Ui 


68  llECONNAISSANCK    OF    THK    YUKO\    RIVEK. 

ObgcnuttioiiM  irith  vrr^i.'i/— Coiitimu'd. 
F..itT  Adams,  JitlyU'A,  18f.I). 

Sfxtant  Xo.  U  anil  lioiJZDii  cif  mi'imiy — M.  T.  i-liniiioiiu'tiT  Xo.  I(i09.  Ii\  IUImm  uml  ("rclnlifoii  — OltmTvcr, 
C.iptiiiii  Chavlts  \V.  K.i.viihiikI,  I'liitril  .Sliiti'S  Kli«iini  rs— KccuidiT,  Mr.l.J.  M;tjiil\ 

0.:«j=  Ob'  00"  A^  153^  My  li" 


Olijrct  ol)sirvi'(l. 


Sun's  lowif  liiiili,  a.  in 


i 


iililiira 
tllili'. 

•11 
Hi- 

'I'iim-nl'nll- 

Ki-i  vatinu. 

Oltj.'ct  nlisirvcil.         , 

i                                                1 

O       ' 

/.' 

/(. 

»i. 

». 

1 

71   10  00 

to  4r< 

Xi.-i 

Sun's  Idwir  iiiiil>,  a.  iii.  . . . 

•,1l 

00 

!!• 

o:t.  -J 

11.  ni... 

:>  1 

(HI 

4'l 

.">i.y 

-to 

no 

."ill 

4l>.  0 

'ill 

IHI 

.">1 

(4.0 

7-.'  IK) 

nil 

.VJ 

u. .-. 

10 

IHI 

.Vi 

4). .". 

w 

on 

.^,1 

."Iti.  .■■> 

:<o 

IHI 

.".i; 

00.  'i 

10 

nil 

.'iti 

44.  0 

' 

."ii 

no 

.'1 

..:». .'. 

7:t  (H) 

IHI 

.1.- 

44.  .1 

1 

111 

no 

.V.l 

.'rtl.  0 

•jii 

nn 

11 

(Ml 

Hi.  .'i 

:«i 

00 

111 

4:t.  ,-> 

' 

•10 

00 

0-J 

.M.  1 

.'0 

INI 

o:t 

:n.  r. 

1 

7J  no 

IHI 

m 

40. .'. 

III 

00 

ii.'i 

4i .-. 

.Ml 

nil 

no 

.V.I.  > 

7.'i  ."lO 

on 

Hi 

:io.  0 

70  III 

no 

17 

'2.7.  ."> 

Id 

no 

1- 

;w. :« 

i:. 

on 

n 

1-.'.  0 

y.'i 

on 

-11 

l-J  0 

:t.7 

IHI 

•ji 

07.  0 

•10  no 

vil 

1 1.  .7 

: 

4.-I 

IH) 

«>.» 

i:i.  n 

no 

00 

•J-i 

:«i.  .- 

.1.1 

no 

•j:i 

•.■:(. .'. 

1 

77  iKi 

on 

■J.I 

:<r'.  r> 

f.l  11.- 

:!n 

1 

i:i 

•>.  0 

W 

:i.". 

11 

0,-|.  7 

00 

.t.i 

Hi 

.".p.  0 

III  IHI 

•17 

.".■•'.  .■. 

10 

•r. 

•i:i 

17.0 

OIl.MCfVCll 

iloiiMialti' 
tuilf. 


O       '  " 

HO  U  (H) 

to  :to 

on  •,'ll 

it"  0."i 

o(i  -.irt 

77  00  (Ml 

7ti  ."m  imi 

.'HI  IHI 

4.7  (HI 

40  0  I 

:l.7  (HI 

'Z7  (HI 

1.7  0  1 

to  (HI 

IHI  IHI 

7.7  .70  0  I 

.70  IHI 

10  00 

IHI  00 

.70  IHI 

411  00 

III)  IHI 

•JO  IH) 

10  (HI 

Of  I  00 

7'J  .Ml  00 

40  IHI 

:!0  00 

'JO  (HI 

to  00 

IH)  (HI 

71   .'HI  (HI 

40  (HI 

:iO  00 

■JO  00 

lU  uu 


TiniiiiColi- 
wi  Milinii. 


74 


7:1 


h.    III. 

1  .>;{ 

.711 


I'.l 
■JO 
•.'0 
•JO 

•Ji 
i(.i 

■j;t 

•J4 

'J.7 
•J(l 

:t-j 
:i(i 
;i7 
:i- 
:t!i 
40 

41 

4-J 

4:t 
44 
4.7 
4(i 
47 
4H 
40 
.70 
.71 
.7-J 
M 
.74 


•J I.  -J 
nil,  0 
74  ,7 
4;!.  .7 

;t-j.  :t 
I-.  0 

0(1.  :t 

•J.7  0 
.77.0 
:t-J.  .7 
:!4.  7 
4li.  f 
Itl.O 
'J.7.  7 

:i7. 0 
4-.  0 

47.  .7 

44.  .7 
.1 1.  .7 
H.7.  0 
.77.  .7 
:i.7.  .7 
.74.  .7 
:i4.  (I 
■J.-.  H 

;t-j.  ,7 

•JH.  0 

:i.7. 7 
:t-j.  .7 
:i4. 0 
ii-j.  II 
:ir-.  ,7 

'J7.  (I 

lit.  0 


IlanilOcttT, 29.C'J0  :   llirtiunnirlcf,  .7!»M'0;   iinlrx  cnor,  — ;i'  00" 


F(.i:i   AliAMs,  Jiilii  •>•»,  IHli'.l. 

Sixtallt  Nil.  .1  anil  Imri/nii  of  incii  urv— .M.  'I',  fliiinniiniti  .   N'n.  KiO'.i,  liy  lUi.s.s  alnt  ( 'ici^litun — (Jliscrvcr, 
(.'aptiilu  (.'Imrk'a  W.  Uiiyiiiniiil,  riittt'd  Stutr.n  Kiiiiiih'cim— Ki'fnl'ilci ,  .Mr.  .I..I.  .Mnjnr. 


((Iijrct  nlMi'r\«il. 


.Soon  Imwi'I'  linili,  a.  in 


I    (IlislTMll 

iliiiililr  alti- 
I       tioli'. 


7(1 


'rinicnf  nl». ' 
MTMIIOltl.    ' 


'J(l  (H) 

;ui  IHI 

III  IHI 

.'.n  IHI 

.'ill  (H) 

(Ml  INI 

in  no 

1.7  I  Ml 


Olijci't  iilim  TM'tl. 


h. 

!! 

10 

.77  1:1.  H 

.77  :>'i.  7 

11 

Or-   11.0 

vi  1:1. 'J 

IH  :io.  0  , 

•JO  (HI.  H 

•JO  .lO.  u    , 

'Jl  Of.  li   ! 

Suu'n  lower  limb,  a.  m. 


Olmcrvi'd 

■I'lmriif  till 

tllili'. 

.sci  \  atinii. 

0     '     // 

/i.  III.     «. 

7(1  -ri  (Ml 

11  'J-J  10.0 

r>  (10 

•j:i  'if.  0 

40  (  0 

'J4  01.  •J 

•1.7  (Ml 

•J4  JO.  :i 

.'.0  (Ml 

'J.7  (HI.  li 

,7.7  (N) 

•r.  XV  .7 

77  m  0(1 

tM  17.  it 

Ii  .fx  error, 


r — 

—a' 00" 


I 


liKCONXAISSANCE    01-'   THK    YIJKOX    UIVER. 


69 


(ib^d-raHDii"  irilh  Hirlioil — Coiitiniii'tl. 

iSkxati's  Viii.Mii:.  Jnlji  'J.'),  IKil). 

S.xliiiit  N.I.  :t  Mini  liniiznti  of  m.  r.niv  — >r.  T.  .  liiMii.nintcr  No.  Iiii)!i,  U.v  Bli.-n  ami  Crriprhtoii— ObstTvcr. 
Caiilaiii  Cliaiii'.s  \V.  1!  lyuiu'iiil,  I'liilcil  St.itrs  KiijjiiM'i  )■.■<  — U<rc>nltr   Mr.  J.  J.  Aliytir. 

0     (;.-.    -40'  .•||"  A     l.'il     III'  (10" 


Olijicl  Dbscivtil. 


SiMis  liiwi  T  limli,  a.  m 
|i.  Ill 


OUscivt  il     ., 
iliiiilili'  alii 


I 


tilili-. 


rirlli'ot'iil)- 
Hfl'Vlltioll. 


II 


I   OliKcrvcil 
(»!ijf(t  iil)S(  rvcd.         Mimlili'iilti- 
tiiitu. 


'^     '    "  h.  in.    K. 

!i*  ."i:i  (HI  1  .l!»;tn.  0      Suii'.t  Imvcr  limb,  !>.  Ill 

r»;i  -io  .v»  (IT.  H  ji 

41  i."»  -J  (Mi  •>!<.:>  W 

37  03  I  (I-  ii:i.  J 

37  00  '  11'.'  :•>'<.  •"> 

35  95  1  ().h;ii.;i 

33  00  I  Oil  (i:i.  (I 

34  03  '  0'.t  ■!:(.  r> 


'riiiii'  of  nil- 

Hci'valiiiii. 


"     '  '■  ti.  m.  *. 

a7  33  3(1  1  1(1  H.  -i 

:«  (((»  ,        II  III..') 

•J!l  3(1  l-J  II.  'i 

'jf  (i."i  I         \i  •'.'.•'> 

a(i  .').•.  I         i:i  :i'.i.  .'i 

•J3  A'.  ;         II  :il.  ."> 

■J  I  .'kl  I        1.".  Jl.  ."' 


n.iroiiivl.r,  Utl.t:!.".-,  llic  rjinmiflil-.  Tl.dll:  iiiilrx  rIT.ir,  —3'  (10". 


1"(ii;t  ViKiiv.  .lii'jiitl  <■>,  isi;'.». 

S.'Ntant  N.I  :i  ami  li.ni/.i.ii  ..I'  iii.T.iiiv-M,  T.  .hr.iii.im  l-r  N'.>.  um.  liy  Klis.i  and  Cniulilnii-Ohsrrvci-. 
Caiitaiii  Cliarlis  \V.  Kiiyiiioml.  I'liit.il  Stat.'f*  Kii'iiiH'iis— Ki'f'nl.r.  .Mi.  •I-'l.  .Ma.l'-i. 


0--(ki^  33'  17" 


A-14J^  17'  »7" 


(lllj.Ct   .lll.MlVl'll. 


Sims  Iiiw.  rliiiili,  a.  in 


(  MisrIVlil 

Idillil.'  aiti 

Illd.'. 

I'iniiM.I'ol). 
sfivalimi. 

(.llljl'l't    ollHClVl.l. 

oils.  IV.  cl 

ildiil.li'  alii' 

tuiIe. 

'riiiH'  III'  nil- 

Nt'i  vutiim. 

1 
0      '      "     { 

h. 

m.    *. 

1 

n 

*     // 

/.. 

ll\.       s. 

(i!l  -J.'i  (111  ' 

Ill 

.-.-  I!l.  1 

Sim'.s  lii\M  iliuili.  1).  Ill      . 

71 

l.'i  110 

:i 

•>:•  :iii.  0 

:!ii  (III 

."I'.i  01 ; 

ID   DD 

■-'i;  17. -J 

:i,'.  HI) 

.VI    Hi.  11 

(I.",   01 1 

•.'T  01.  f 

Id   (HI 

II 

(Ml  ->■>.  :> 

(HI  (HI 

•j:  I'.'.  7 

■l.'i  (III 

(H)  .'ili.  ."i 

7(1 

•I.".  (Mt 

•>  i-:.f 

."itl  00 

III  :aii 

,Ml  DO 

•:-  .'.11.,'. 

!,r,  ()'i 

(ij  hi.  ,"> 

l.'i  (HI 

•j'.i  ;i4. .'. 

*0  (Ml  III) 

(i-i  1."..  II 

1  1   III! 

:mi  10.  ."> 

ll.'i  (Id 

(i:i  'w.  II 

:i.">  no 

:«)  :>x  :> 

ill  (III 

III  i:i  -i 

:h)  do 

31   'Jd.  0 

1.')   IM) 

Hi   .-iC    1 

•.'.'i  (HI 

Wi  01.  0 

•,'()   I"  1 

().'.  :ii).  5 

'JO   (HI 

;cj  ,'il.f 

•J.'i  (M) 

(Hi  (111.  11 

1,".   (Ml 

33  3.').0 

:to  iM) 

(Mi   I.V  1 

10  DO 

31   0-i.  .'i 

3."!  IH) 

(17  ',HI.  .'i 

(l.'i  (HI 

31    t(i.() 

411  (10 

(17  .M.  .•> 

00  (HI 

3.-.  •-•«.  (1 

4.'i  (HI 

(H  ;i7.  .'> 

(!!• 

Xi  (HI 

:iti  13.  !i 

."ill  1 1) 

(1!)   III.  II 

.''lO  (HI 

30    Ki.O 

.').■>  (HI 

III  (HI.  V 

4."i  (HI 

37  '^7.  3 

71  00  00 

1 

10  37..-. 

10  IH) 

3!-  03.  !i 

m  01 

1 

II  n.:i 

3.-.  IH) 

3^  '>.  C 

ID  IH) 

' 

II    .>.  ^ 

30  (HI 

30  (l^,  0 

l.'i  IMI 

\i  ll.'i.  0 

'J,'.  (HI 

3'i  :,i  :> 

liiilcx  error, —3' 00". 


70  RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER. 

Olmrrntioiis  ivilh  KixUinl — Coiitiiincil. 
Four  YiKox.  AiujiixCi,  I'^tlD. 

S<>\tant  No.  :t  .Tiifl  1  iirizoii  of  incniiiv— \r.  T.  (■hrnimiiicli  r  N'u.  KKilt.  \\\  I'.lis.s  ninl  ('ici(.'hlciii — f  MiNcivcr, 
Cui>tiiiii  Cliiirlcf*  W .  Kuyiiuiiul,  riiittfl  .statttt  Jin^jimciij — jifi(ii<kr,  Air.  J.  J.  Major. 


(rtijcct  observed. 


Snn  .s  lower  limb.  a.  ni 


If 


Olmervril 

iliiiilili'  ahi- 

tuile. 

'riiiic  (ifciii- 

Kinvatioii. 

O       /        /' 

h.  lit.    n. 

C5  o.'i  no 

10  :ti  -St.-'. 

1(1  (10 

;<-j  (III.  II 

1.-)  00 

;«  :ti.  .- 

ao  00 

:w  .54.  5 

2r.  (10 

Xi  •ill  H 

:io  (Ml 

;ti  ii:i. - 

:<.'>  (II) 

:m  11..-^ 

.|(i  (III 

:',.5  II.  ;t 

4.'i  (III 

;c.  .51 ;  1 

M  nil 

:t(i  -^.5.  -i 

.Vi  no 

:n  111.  .5 

C(>  00  (in 

;n  :i-i  « 

05  00 

;jH  0.5. 0 

10  uo 

:i^  :i(i.  4 

l.'.  00 

:tn  'j:!.-.} 

•M  no 

:«)  4.5.5 

'.',")  nn 

40  'ill  'J 

:)o  00 

41  0.5.0 

;i.".  00 

41  :«;.  ;i 

40  00 

4J  11.5 

4,5  00 

4J  41.5 

.50  nn 

4:1   17.0 

"i.'i  on 

44  ni.5 

07  on  (i!> 

4  1  V!-.  5 

o.'i  on 

45  in.  0 

in  no 

45  41.  n 

i.'>  nn 

4(i  '.'(1.  7 

-H)  nn 

4(i  .ill.  n 

4"  nn 

40  -iX  5 

.Ml  nn 

.5(1  Mil.  5 

.5.5  no 

51   ll>.  5 

r>8  00  no 

51  :ti;.  n 

05  00 

.5J   \-i..i 

10  00 

5Si  4U.  5 

object  ob.x(rveil. 


Siin'.-ibiwtr  limb.  )>.  m  . . 


( (bserved 

iKiiibb'  alti- 

tuile. 

TiiiK?  (if  ob- 
m^rvutiuu. 

0     ' 

„ 

h.  111.     ti. 

fi.-'   10 

nil 

:(  44  .50. 5 

(15 

nil 

45  :t(i.  0 

(11 

on 

40  04.  0 

07  55 

00 

40  4<).5 

.50 

00 

47  '."J.  0 

411  no 

4-  41.5 

■jii 

nil 

.511  54.0 

15 

nil 

51  :tl.  4 

III 

III 

.5-J  0(1.7 

05 

00 

.5J   IA5 

(Ml 

INI 

.5;t  10.  a 

f.()  55 

00 

.5:1  4<i.  a 

.511 

(III 

54  '.'.5.1! 

45 

on 

54  .5f<.0 

411 

III 

55  :!-,>.  0 

:i5 

nil 

.5(1   1.5.5 

:iii 

nil 

.5(1  4:1.  H 

a5 

(NI 

.57   17.  S! 

iiii 

(HI 

57  4:1.0 

15 

no 

.5?'  1(J.  0 

in 

no 

5H  .50.  5 

05 

(NI 

.50  :«».  5 

CHI  00 

4  00  00.  5 

05  55 

(HI 

(HI  :)!!.  5 

.")(l 

(III 

01  11.5.  a 

45 

1.(1 

01  4H.;» 

40  on 

()■-'  17.  5 

:i5 

(HI 

0-J  4H.0 

:iii 

(Ml 

(i;t  ^7. 5 

•-'5 

(II 

04  0-J.O 

•jn 

1  II 

114  :i7.o 

15 

(HI 

(15  0:1.  a 

III 

no 

(15  ilO.  0 

05 

nn 

(h:  III.  r* 

) 


Imlix  rri(ir,  — it'  Oi;". 


I 


COMI'.MMSON  OF  (MHONOMETERS. 

N'OTr — Duly  tin'  eompariHoii.s  whirli  liavi'   been  em]ibiye(l  in   tin   inMiiml.itioiis  nre  i;ivcii   in  (bis 
n|i|M'iiiUx. 

ClIIKtXttMKTKH.S. 

ifrni)  tiiiii. —yn.  moo.  by  lULs.s  ,'iii(I  ('rii..|il.Mi ;  Xn.  11.55.  by  I'liss  aiiiU'reiulitmi :  N'o.  51  In.  by  Harraiiil. 
i»-j|trli:i  Xo.  -,'475.  by  I'ai  l»ili*iili  anil  l''l"ilsbaiii ;    Nii.  •J|5.  b'\    lliiniiii.  ^.slii|i  h  eliiitiuiiiM-ter.i 
Sidfreal  tiiite.—Sii. 'jm,  U\  Itoml  \  Smi ;  No. '..::tl.  b\   Iloiiil  ,V  .>>oii. 

l\rrins  and  mtin  <it  Sun  rrini<i>i(o,  .tjiri}  1,  l"^!!!*. 


No.    of 
chrtHi. 

Fast. 

Rlo«-. 

«. 
5B.7 

OnfnH 
dully. 

Lom>H 
doily. 

So.    of 

eliron. 

FoHt 
3!).' 3 

Slow. 

OnliiH 

daily. 

«. 
5.0 

T-imen 

daily. 

MOB 

*. 

«. 

9.0 

.'(14!) 
WiO 
SKil 

«. 

t. 

11»  • 

m.9 

0.6 
1.3 

11.3 

1.0 

S47S 

7.8 

57.1 

tt.S 

' 


w 


RECONxXAISSANCE    OK    TMi:    YUKON    UIVEB. 
CoMpariMii  of  chronomiltrH — Coiitiiiiitul. 


71 


) 


Statiiin. 

Dull'. 

\o.  of 
el  iron. 

Kiici-     imli- 

••illiiill     of 

clirou. 
h.    xn.     K. 

1 

1 

',         Slatioi). 

I)nt<>. 

'  Xn.  of 
ifht'Dii. 

1 
,  Kn. 

I'; 

••     imli- 
iliou    of 

I>if)0. 

1          I'lll'Oll. 

|N(i!». 

h. 

til.'   «. 

Sitka 

Alir.  27 

2:»I 

>*    0(i     Oil.  0 

OiiiiitliiHka  Im'iI — 

Ma.>    2(i 

2:11 

II 

.",2     20. 0 

11, Vi 

!i   .12   ■^\.:^ 

Coiit'O. 

icon 

II 

1-     10.0 

2:11 

H     10     .ll.!) 

'.'liO 

11 

.-,1     .»,",.  0 

Itill!) 

it    :H     (17.0 

lOUO 

11 

20     .-.2.  .7 

•im 

1     10     IMi.  0 

331 

a 

20   :io.  0 

24."> 

.'■>     24     Id.  (t 

^^7> 

*) 

.",'.1     0>.  .7 

2;ii 

H     ().">     (Hi.  0 

2(!(t 

n 

.",4      1."..  0 

2-»7.'i 

'.1    :n     2!».  0 

21.'. 

7 

12     .'.7..". 

Apr.  28 

2.1! 

7     4li     .".•'. .". 

21  iO 

II 

:i.",    :iii.  II 

•a;:, 

11     12     ;M).  0 

.-.ll!l 

II 

.Ml     .'ill.  II 

2:ti 

7     4-     27.0 

2:11 

:i 

:i:i    :io.  0 

n.vi 

',1     10    .-,7.0 

ll.Vi 

*i 

,".4    o:t. ,'. 

2;ti 

7     4!»     ;»7.  .1 

2:»i 

iJ 

24    20.0 

KMI'.I 

0    00    .v..  0 

|liO!l 

.» 

4!»     ,11.11 

2(i() 

7    -17     M.Tt 

2(iO 

;1 

22    00. 1) 

llif)!) 

!)   10   ;).■>.  0 

JlilK) 

■J 

,"«     12. 0 

2<i(l 

7    4.1    .>,>.  0 

•Jli/t 

;i 

21     00.11 

21.'. 

4     .'.1     10. 0 

21.', 

III 

42    0.1.0 

2)UI 

:i    i:,   (Ml.  0 

ittiU 

i 

fli     U.'>.  .'1 

.'ilCI 

4    :,->    04.  .1 

514!) 

:i 

10      10. 0 

2IU) 

A     l(i     2.'>.  0 

Mny  97 

2:11 

1) 

Hi     40. 0 

.'lU!) 

4     M     20.  (i 

247.', 

n 

•22     111.  0 

Apr.  20 

2:ti 

ri     0:1     00.0 

2:11 

II 

40     O.'i.O 

247.-. 

!)     24     4H.  0 

ir>u!i 

11 

10     ,'MI.O 

2:1 1 

H   or,   :.o.  (1 

2(i0 

II 

47     4.",.  U 

1 1  .•■.■| 

;•   2.".   20. 0 

iiiini 

M 

12     .',0. 0 

2;ii 

H     07     2:1.0 

^liO 

11 

."M*     X,.  0 

im\) 

<i   2:1   :r>.o 

24.'. 

• 

O.'i     21,,". 

2liU 

«    07    27..'-. 

2ti(t 

11 

4.'i     <!-.  0 

itiO!) 

',)    2(!     02.  U 

,',1 411 

12 

04      12.0 

2(1(1 

H    or,    27.0 

2:11 

(J 

4-     0,',.  0 

-^.'1 

r.    \\    4.-..0 

11.',;. 

n 

1.-.     I-.  0 

2li(l 

12   40   :io.  0 

B«!hrlD;;Sca  .... 

June  29 

2:11 

1 

:i.>    00. 0 

DI4!> 

2    10   01. H 

247,'. 

II 

07     Ml  0 

2<i(l 

12   41    no.fl 

2:11 

1 

41     -JOO 

.".1 4!t 

2    10    M.f 

11.",,", 

10 

,-|7     .-12.  ,7 

May     I 

2:n 
2:11 

H    j!i   4:t..-. 
!i    :j:)    .■((i.  It 
ri    22    .-.0.0 

2:11 

h'iiiii 

•.NiU 

1 

III 
1 

4:t    ,-m.  0 
10    4:1.11 
10    :io.  0 

k 

ll.V. 

2;ti 

o    :i:i    :i.'>.o 
.-    2.-.    .V...'. 

Kill') 
•H'M 

III 

1 

,-,l    Hi,,-. 
42     4,-..  0 

I  mi!) 

n   ;h    (K).  0 

24,'i 

li 

47    :I2,  .'i 

2(W 

H    27    20.0 

2(i0 

1 

41    :((i.o 

Kill!) 

it    :i7    .v..  0 

,',14!1 

III 

01    2^.  ,7 

2:11 

f   22    III.  0 

SI.Miiliii.l'HlH'd 

liini!  :io 

■.'11 

'i 

44     2,",.0 

2<.-. 

:>    17    i.v  0 

217.-. 

12 

10   ri:i.  .7 

2(i<l 

,H     -Ir-     .■.,■>.  .'l 

217.'. 

12 

10    10, 0 

24.'. 

.')     2(i    20.0 

2ir. 

1 

4'i    4-.rt 

2(i0 

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UECONN'AISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    KIVER. 
Comparhoii  of  clnonomefirx — ('(iiitiiiiif<l. 


:!«latuMk. 


I>ote. 


St  MVJutlMiJa    Jiilv     I 


July     a 


No.  of 
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Faro     iiidi. 

(Mtioll      of 
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u 


FikHnttaUk .Julv    4 


I 


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RIX'ONXAISSANCH    OK    Till:    VIKON    RIVKK. 

('iniijiiirixoii  of  r7i/(H(«;;((7()«— Ciintiiiiifil. 


73 


I 


4|  J> 


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74 


RECOXN'AISSAXCK    OV    TflK    YUKON    RIVKIJ. 

('<iini>(iiinoii  of  (■hroiiomctirs — ('oiitiiiiii'd. 


Station. 


Uiiti'. 


No.  of ,  Fact'  liiilict-  ,1 
cliroii.    tiou  of  i-liroii. '' 


Stotinn. 


Date. 


!  No.  of    Fare  iinlira* 
cliroii.    tiiiiiiit'i-linni. 


IH6U. 

A. 

)ii. 

X. 

1  H(i!». 

A. 

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11 

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1  Ana.     7 


Tiiiii'. 


I.0C11I  iipiiur-  \  Local  mriin 
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RECOXNAISSANCK    OF    THE    YUFCOX    RIVER. 

TiMi;  i!V  siNiJu:  .M/nrnt':.^. 


75 


Stalioii. 


I»iitf 


I.iitltu.lf,  X. 


St.  Miclmcl's  Islaml     .Toh  t.  If-nO 


63°  28'  00" 


LiiiiKitiicIc,  W. 


*  >   .      -  ?  t      riiriiniiiiH'ti'r  tiino 
:.=  I       -  —  5  iHHiii. 


101°  as-  38" 


18 


SIW 


i/(  w-iii  rn.xt 


C'lIKONOMHTHi;  TI.Mi:  (>F  |,(K  AL  MKAN  NO(  >\  JtV  (<  i.Ml'AKMSC  »\. 

■  3  ' 

I.s'  ClirntioniPtiT  time  of  local  mi'iiii  noun. 


Station. 


c  — 


am. 


IM. 


1 1  111 


llXI'.l. 


ll.V). 


J47.'.. 


li.  III.     n.       h.  in.     M.       h.  III.     H.       h.  w.     g.       A.  iii.     s.      I  A.  m.      ». 
Ouoalaska     .  Mav  •JD     .'.MO     :i   -J!    47.10    :t   •J.".    l.V  Mil    :i    ID   'JO.  71     -J   .">  I   liO.  •JO    •J    .'.">   4-.  .V,     H    o:!    .I'l.  01 

.SI.  .Miriiiitl's   .iiii.v  1    ."•nil    .".  •J4  •J7. 00  ,"i  -JO  •JT.  47    1  :j-  •j"..;i;i  -J  -JO  •J.-).  14   •J  :t7  •j;i.  ".."i   •j  m  .vj. 47 

Islaml.  II 

Aiivir i.riil.vi:«'  itiio  t;  of  10. .-.:i  0  in  10. .10  -j  17  in. .Vi  -i  -a.)  34. :tH  'j  4:1  i:». :w 

Fort  Adaiii.^..  ./MlvJai  Hioii  i;  1-j  4>.!il  0  10  :i-j. 7-j  I  4.")  -Jj-iio  I  :<^  :io.-jj  •j  i:t  i.->.(ii> 

Fort  Vokoii..;  Auj;.  0  KiOO  0  38  311.31  0  47  -J.").  !Wi  1  13  .V<.  37  1  •,".»  30.11  1  4.">  1.").  00 

I         I  i  .      _  _A 

VALl.E  OF  A  1M: VOLITION  OF  TIIK  Z.  T.  Ml(  K'O.MKTKK. 
Four  VtK<».\,  Aiiijimt  15,  IHtW. 

Oliscn-alionsoiirolariH.nonrp.'istcnicloiijfatioii — /('iiitliti'lt'H<><)|ir,l),vWiinl)-iiiann — Siilinalrlironnniftor 
No.  •J31.  liy  Iloiiil  \-  Soli — OliHi'ivcr,  ("aiitaio  <  'liaili's  W.  Kayiiioliil!  rnilfil  Stales  KimiiiciTs — UororiltT, 
Mr.  3.. I.  Major — ('lirononiilrr  tiinrot  iloii:;atioii,  'l\,     '>li  O'.l/a  .Vw.O — ( iMr  ili\  isioiiollcv  il     0.0."iO:!:i  iiiniH. 


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t  Foiti 

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UlXOANAlSSANCi:    OF    TUK    YCKON    IMVKIl. 
I'liliiciifd  fivi>liiliint  of  I  III  /..  '/'.  iiiirromilir — t'mitimifil. 


OlmiTViitiiiim' 
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(M'— M)    (I/— I,)(f.l  (z—z^—if—zj 


» 


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I'olM    Vl  KoN.    AliiJUit    111,  l.-^li'.l. 


iX    IKl.'.MS  OF  Z.  T. 


Olis.iviv.  C, 

i|i;:iiii  CliiiliK 

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s. 

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101.1 

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nil.  7 

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RKCOXKAISS.VNCE    OF  TFIK    YrKO.V    KIVFK. 
f'oliir  nj'onc  (Uv'iHion  of  Imiisil  Iml  \o.  I,  .f c  — f.'diitimuMl. 


i  t 


1 
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1 

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vv 

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73,5 
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17 
18 
lit 

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nil.  1 

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7!>:t.  0 

(lin.  ti 

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»n.n 
tim.i' 

mn         71.0 

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fl..-.           1:1.  .-i 
*«.  :i         70.  ."i 
fi.o          i;i.  II 
'.'.-.(1          *.i.ii 
77.0          nil 

•J-,'.  11              7-J.  II 
7.'i.  II             I'.I.  II 

mi.  1        .•.-.7.".        i.7-,'i 

lOi  .'i             li-J.  .".11              l.lilll 

inl.  7          .'■>7.  :*>          1.  7ii:i 
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lOi  J            .'k).  IHI             1.  Ihi" 

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0.  OwMIt 

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0.ti74.\/"-—    0.018 


frrl     0 

rf     1. 

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VAiJi:  or  oNK  i»i\  i.<i()N  OF  ri;.\Nsir  i.r.vr.i,  no.  j,  in  tki.".\j.«^  or  z.  t. 

MK  i.-oMKll-K. 
I'oiM   Vi  KuN.  Aiiiiiist  in,  l-Ti'.). 
(Iliwrvrr.  ('apiiiiii  Cliaili'.s  \V.  K:iyiiiiiii.|.  Iiiit  -il  .Stiilfs  Kniiiin  rr» — Ui-ciit'ili-r,  Mr.  I'.  \Vi  wtiliijil. 


T. 

1 

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0 

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1 

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4 

70.0 

5 

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11 

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715 

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73.0 

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78 


RKCONNAISSANTE    OF    TIIK    YrK^N    K'lVKIi. 
I'mlme  of  our  lUrMoH  of  I  run  nil  lirrl  So.  '2,  i>r. — (.'niitiinuil. 


Dilli  Tfiitf, 


Wvr.        UvtA. 


■■ 

715 

K 

1 U7.  ^ 

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7:i.  0 

1  i'ti-.  :> 

77.0 

ll.o 

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l# 

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7;«.  (» 

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in 

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r^0.ir;4.'>-. /"•''''■-'     0.115 


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CHANGE  <»K  KKJHT  AS(  KNSION  AND  ItKC'MN.VTK  ►N. 

Ul'l'KIt     TltANSll. 


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10  -JIK) 


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10  •JOtI 


Tabalate<l  values  iif  ^'  (/  i  0.fi^^.■>)» 

ArnunuutH,  '.,  t. 

4 

t 

W 

1 

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4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

•.Ulna 

(1  7WMI» 

0  rz,fx: 
i.vaBm 

L277«il 

l».3»Mril      iKh-tKHil 
•.7m»£t      l.r.7'.h« 

I.  iti-i:»-:i    -i  (Ktfi^Ki 

L  ♦41-4.7      a  7I.V4.-. 

1  -*t»«    :j.  .T.t  1,-0(1 
i  u*;(57  ■  4.  ii7.r:t!7 
tiaasfr-  ,  4. 7.'.-j7-> 

4  f3KDn  i   .'..  4:jltl'.MI 
XiHlit  '  0.  I1U(>51 

1. 1107  401 
•i.  l!»4'.i^J-J 

:i.  •.•!fj;Mi 

4.  :iH<.IH4.") 
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(i.  .">.-47(i7 
7.  fit-'i-i-i" 
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y.i'771.71 

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li.  4l>:tH4.7 
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ll.:ili7-,'>- 

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14.  .vi:io:>i 

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K  !i:i7f  4.7 

II.  i7i-ior. 
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:{:t.  U431.71 

4.  (i.-!llKll 

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4-J.  'JdltOdl 

*  Espianatiiin  and  nutiition  hi  Part  II,  Chapter  I,  ul'  the  report. 


1.  UiOW. 

-.  i:i-!t!>i 

•^.  •>»'.ti 

r,.  -"ii^s 

i.i>ii"|M(i 

:..  :iir,iiy:j 

1.  .-iJlil^O 

:t.  ':>y.r,i 

4.  ■.•l.>l..t 

HrX'ONNAISSANCK    OF    THE    Yl'KOX    KIVKR.  (! 

TUANSIT    INSTUr.Mr.NT— i:</rAT<>K'IAI.    IMKKVAI.S    I'K'o.M   TlIK   MKAN 

oi'  Tin:  \vii{i:s. 

Observnr,  f'aiilaiii  Cliaiiin  \V.   K.i.viiiniiil.   Initicl  Si.iIi'h  i;iiijliiccrH— KriMid  r   Mr.  .J.  .J,  ^Ii^or— 

Sliilimi,  Kiiil  Viiknii. 


Slur  iiliHciMil. 


:i 
c 
:i 
•) 

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c 
:i 

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,5 

c 

:t 

(i» 

f 

c 


I'l  la-  M.i.juriH . 

iMaroiii.i   

X'lsA'  .Majnliit  . 

Driiriinis 

DracoiiiH  

rix:r  MiijiiiU 
I'tsa'  M.i.JDiis  . 
l)r:lriiTIM    .  .  .    . 

|)l  ariiilii*    

I'lMr  .MaJDliH  . 

rtmi'  Majoris  . 

iMarniiis     

I'r-i.i'  MajiiriH . 

I>l'ar<llliK    

I  iraroiiis  

I'lsii    MajiiiiH  . 
I'l-i.i    MajuricH  . 

Idai'iiiiis  

I)ia4'iiiiis   

I  rsa'  Aliijiiri.s  . 


(i  •'.■i.lici 

f  lll.HlllliS 

c  Itrai-niiis     . . . . 

:i  I'l  sa-  .MaJiuiH  . 

tV  \'is;i    .Majni'is 

ti  Ciidi.i 

-IDiJ  (ir<iiiiiil)riil;;it  . 

!i  |)riU'niii.H 

'i  DraroiiiN 

'J  ('ciihLi 


Siiiim 

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V.  IV.    !    in. 


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(I.  Il.-li  II.  I|||^ 


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.Mean  iTior  dI'  a  niiifrlc  wire,  O.lO'i.     I'luli.ilili'  ciiiir  nl   tin-  imaii  ni  llu-  \uii.-i,  (I.OIW. 

'  Ki-ji  rt.il.  • 


TK'A.NSIT     OHSKRVATK  >NS. 

roUl   VrKux,J((;//(«Mli.  IHti'.l. 

Transit  iiiHtriiiin'iit.  by 'riim^lituii  >v.  Sims— Siiliivnl  iliii>iiipiiu'iri>  Nii.-Jll.li\   IJoii.l  .v  Son — OlwiTvir, 

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N. 

•  M 

o:i. .-. 

•u 

iti.  1 

1.7.  0 

.V.  It 

;w.  .'.1 

7M(i 

N. 

•ili 

.Vt.  II 

•in 

7li.  1 

ti-.'.  0 

li'ii.  II 

•riU 

S. 

:il 

01.,'. 

1^ 

•l^,  Il 

.■|",0 

Ii*.  0 

.111.  .'i* 

■.■,'.111 

N. 

•,ii 

..11.  0 

•,•^ 

■II.  1 

lij,  0 

li-i  0 

7-."t| 

.s. 

:i!i 

r.)>.  II 

'i' 

mi.  1 

li».  0 

.'ill,  II 

:il 

*).  :».- 

:i:i.- 

N 

tf> 

o:t. :, 

:ij 

lui.  II 

IMI.  0 

II.'..  0 

7,-1 1.-. 

s. 

',•0 

H.  0 

■l.'i 

:.-i  1 

III.O 

71,0 

o;l  'i'. 

7711" 

1^. 

Hi 

.11,.'. 

;ii< 

i:i.  'i 

tl7.  0 

IV.  II 

77."i-: 

N. 

1 

."»7 

:i!i. .'. 

*.*'l 

:i:i.  1 

'•i.  0 

ly.  .'i 

:u 

.1.1  flit 

1 

*» 

•Hi 

:i:i 

■lli.  H7 

1 

_     ,   _           ,. 

1  _ 

— 

_ 

,  „. 

( 


I.MiiUilllllr. 


Ii.  III.  M. 

!t  tl  11.11 

:•  10  .'.I  711 

'.I  II  III- 


M  I    l'.i|itaili 


I.Ulillllll'. 


II.    :i.t 

Hi  a 

It '.  1 

II..  It 

III.  i» 

:«)  :.\ 

.III.  ,'■* 

III 

«v  ;i.' 

u;i  'i: 

Xi 

.v..  -JO 

lui   :ci 

4(i.  NT 

{ 


A  i>  i>  i:  %  i»  I  \    II . 

iiKcniM*  ANh  i;i:i)r(TM>N  ni'  ma(;m:th'  (H;sr.i:\  ations. 


.•^1  iims.  I'l.iM  ^'i  K<i\,  \i  \--K  \-    I.  \  1 1 II  i>i:,r>ti    :t.'.    I*    Niii:iii     l.osi.m  HI  ,  I  i.'i    .7    IT' 

\\  I  -I  ii;i>M  (iiii.i  vw  nil. 

i:\i'i;i»MMi;.\  IS  w  riii    \i.\ii.\i;!  ic  i»i;(i.iN<nir,TKi{. 

I'liruiliilitr  m;i'.:iii'ti»iii('li  r  Nu.  L',  liy  W  illi.iiii    \\  iiidriiiiiiiii. 
At  lit  sr   lif.  (P.  M..I   isij!». 

Till-  iiistniiiii'iit  Wiis  |iI;|!'(m|  oil  ;t  liiiiilN  iiiiliiMlili'il  s|)rn<'i>  post,  aliuiii 
lilty  vanis  cast  ut'  asf  luiiiiiiiii  al  .statiuii.  Il  wa^  lf\cl»'i|,  rnllinial  iuii 
«'\aiiiiiiiMl.  ami  ••  \  i-iti:  al"  wire  iiiailr  \  cil  ir.il.  TIm-  wiMidni  liii\  wa.s 
mmmI. 

'I'lic  iii.><iniiiiriii  was  tlii-ti  tiinii  il  on  a  iin'iiili.niiuarlv.  Ki'atliii;^  ol  the 
\.riii«-r.s,  Iv,  L".»    <UI  :    W  .  I'OIl    «MI'. 

Till'  liras.s  ilifocsioiicv  liiiili  !•  was  plari'il  in  'In-  s(lni>|t,  ami  tin-  ti>isioii 
wa."  a|»|»n>\iiiiatrl\  ri'iiitiv  III,  .Siiiriip  >>iinih  mlcil  li\  iwo  liiiris.  wliirli 
\v(M'(' ill  position  ulini  tin'  iiistriitiimt  was  i-i-ci'!\'<'<l.  ami  liail  piolialily 
Imm'Ii  iisi'tl  tor  si'M'ial  Nrar.s. ) 

Al  (il  .ST  i;;   ]<m. 

TIh'     toisiniicN  limit  r    was    ii'iiio\c»l.     tin-    ilcrlination  nia;iin'l     was 
jaiiMiifil,  ami  tlir  \  aim- lit' one  <li\  isjon  of  its    •rati*  irti'i'iiitm-il   as   I'ol 
lows: 


K.  v»'riilfr. 


>  :i:.  nil 

:«  m:,  INI 

:m  •i'l  tut 

.'M  :»  :ti 


W.  M'Mlirl  IMIIl'Irlll'l.. 


...  .  .. 

•j;iH    :i.-.  :iii 

■iW    'J.",  nil 

•,'.l!l      !i.">  INI 

IKIH     Xt  Ml 

Mi'uii      . . 


Ill        '.M  I  llH'   lilv  iKlMII 

4.1   :m    "  ( 


i:)  Ml 


•4'  •>  ..V 


W    :hi 


lt«>iiio\i-il  till-  iltrlinatioii  iiia;4,ti«'t,  jiitnincil  the  rolliination  ina;;nrl.  ami 
ilctcriiiiiK'il  ilir  \alii)'    I  one  division  of  its  srali*  as  follows: 


K.  vrrnliT. 


O  I  II 

.V>  ■>  (Ml 

:>4  :ui  INI 

.'•4  :mi  ini 

.V>  'J><  Ml 


\V.    M-flUI-l 


IHili  n  iK'O. 


•SV,    'if    m  

•i.U      Ml      till  .>      (HI  OlMMllviKiotl 

£11    :iii    mi         •*» 


:.4  . 


SCi    •,'-    mi 


<NI 


I 


M<^i 


.%M     (Ml  ' 


Ki'tiiox  I'll  tin- I'olliiiiattn    ami  siisp«>imIimI    I  In- ilccliiiaiioii    na;;!<«-t  ;  lU* 
tcl'tiiiin'il  tin-  /I'll!  ol    its  scnli'  as  follows: 


.Si-al<'  iiiiiiiIh'Iii. 

iUtfH. 

tMrt'ft 

»  INI 

11.40 

IMni  1 ,,.... 

II.  till 

Iiivrrtrd., ■«..•..• •. 

III.  !HI 

|)ii-,.,.| . 

",  *«• 

Invertcil (».«4 *.*«•.«•.•.••*«••.•••* 

i%,m 

rH'Hir  II  .111        .\ll<  lliKli- 


II.  Ill 
II.  Ill 

<•.  INI 
11.  W) 


/i>r<iit,        Mi'itii  /.rill, 


III.  i» 

10.  t.') 

:i.  f.'» 


10.  «l 


'I 


KKCONNAlSSANCi:    OK    TIIK    VlKoN     KIVKK. 


RtMiiovfil    tli«>   lit'cliiiiition  niiiLsiH'f    iiml    siis|mmi<]im|    tlii>   rolliiiiiitittii- 
inai;iii't.     iK'tfiiiiiiird  llu'  /cio  nl'  il.>>  scale  as  t'ollow.s: 


Si.ilr   IiiimiIm'I^. 


la\rrt>-«i . 


mrvvt    - . 
I*«rrlmi . 


iiiUN. 

All"iiiiil<- 
iiii-aliM, 

/. 

lllK. 

M. 

nil  /.I'l'll. 

IT.  CO 

17.  .'HI 

IV  111 

l-.twi 
1-.  iiii 

l-.-.M 

IT.tM 

ll.lKt 

I-.  :it 

f.  10 

i:.  !Ni 



1  -.  m 
tail 

iH.o:i 

tt».H) 

The  t*olliiiiatni'  >\a.s  rciiiiiM-ii,  tlic  ili-<-liiiatiiiti  iiia^iict  sits|M-iHlril.  and 
ihr  iiistniiiiriil  till  lied  in  a/iiiiiil  li  lint  il  I  lie  \  eri  i<iil  w  ire  lii.seeted  ilie  10. IKS 
division  of  the  .scale.  The  line  <i|  cdlliinat ion  i.s  now  in  the  direction  of 
tilt'  iii;i>>iu'tie  axi.soj'  the  nia;;iict,  and  neailv  in  the  iiia;.:netie  tiiciidhin. 

Ikfiiioved  tth'  declinalion  niauiiet  and  siisiieiidcd  the  colliniatioii  ma;; 
lu't  :  torsion  circle  nio\cd  until  the  \citical  wiie  nl  the  leli-M-ope  liiseclj'd 
tlu>  IS.O.~Mli\  isiuii  oj'  the  seah-.     laiM>til°  ileloision  now  in  the  tna;.;netie  me- 
iitiiaii.     Torsion  circle.  ;;.'.)."». 

<\»Uiiiiator  reinovi'd  and  decliiiiit  ion  nia;:ii 't  sns|iended:  the  \ci  lical 
will-  iiKule  to  liisect  the  ju.ii:;  di\  ision  of  the  scale  li>  ino\  in.i;'  the  insti'ii- 
uu>!t(  in  a/innith.  Line  of  cojliniatiini  now  acciiiatelv  in  the  ina;;tieti(' 
iiieiidian. 

riiernioiiiet<'i 7 J  .'JO  j-. 

Tiin«'  of  »>l>ser\  a  I  ion ()''  ."iO"'  p,  ni. 

Veiiiieis i:.  <; ',    .*.|'  no":   W.  •_'!,;     .")!'  (Mi". 

iK'tet'lllincd  the  eoeHicieiil    of  toision  as  follows: 


t'irrl*-  n-uiU 


liIKi 


Sriilf  11  .»N- 


111.  •J.-| 
tt.  Ill 
I.V!MI 
It.  INI 


Dill,  ri-lirc  III'  HIT. 


0©^ 
IM 
00 


nillin  II .f 

iifnii'i 


I.  I.'. 
l».  HI 
I.  INI 


Mi-iiii  (itv 

1HH. 


I  :i 


'.MP 


II       li'*"      l,C. 


Ilisll'ilineiil  llieii  lelt  in  adjil.sl  ineiil  tor  oli.servntiolis  of  iiia;:netie 
tlti-liiiatioii.  l-!\atnineil  what  nioveinent  an  itieirii.He  of  the  ii;,nir(>.H*' 
lirlioted.  I'oniid  the  lioith  *\n\  niov  e  to  i  he  east  w  aid.  The  ol>ser\  er 
at  thto  itistriitnent  looKs  tioilhwai«l.      Tal^kxlaied  the  lollowiii;:  data  : 


( 


1' 
I 


i)Ai\  \i)U  M.%»;Nr,ric  m:i  i  in  \  i  i.in. 

1.  /eio  of  declination  ina;;net.  1(1. (t.l. 

»'.  Aimulai  \alii«  III  (iiicdix  i.Moii  of  .scale  of  declination  ina;;iM'l,  L"  L'S".."». 

X   hitVeiiMiee  of  scale  ieiidin<;s  for  !M»    ol    tor.sjon,   1.71       (»!>7".  |.'l."». 

I.  Atiy;idai' \  nine  of  scale  cornM'ted   for  ratio  of  torsion  and  ina;>'iH'tic. 


I'oiie,   ({ 


^i  +  JJ^  J  L»«".7<i 


.V  All  iiii'ri'U.si' of  .s<*iih' readiiiys  denotes  a  inoNciiient  of  the  north  end 

of  the  llia;;net  to  the  eastward. 
(i.   iteadili;;  of  veiliieis  when  the  ins|  rilineiil   is  tuilied  on  the  llieiiiiiilll 

mark,  (south,)  K.  H'.t    oo  ;  U  .  •_'<«» '  (mi'. 
*  Tliitt  M-uU'  i>.  iMtl  miirkvil  witli  tliftn-cN,  liiit  wiiit  hnmiiiiii'iI  iu  i-i-ihI  tu  tin-  imliuttr>  wiij . 


i{i:c'ON\AissAN(  i:  or  Tin:  yikox   imvf.u. 


S7 


IllliltlOll 


M.  Ill  /.iii>. 


7.  (i(Miyi;i|»lii(iil  pusitioii  of  iiiiiy;iH'tMm('t('r  :   Ljititmlr.  <»«r  Mi'  17  '  intrlli: 

lM||;;iMl(l<'.    1  1.")      17'    17"  Wfst. 

S.   iiisiniiiiciii  |)iit   ill  |M)sitiuii,  <l*-t:iils   iiiadi'  nml  iri'Midcd   l),v  < '.iptiiiii 
riiiirlcs  \\'.  |{!i\  iiiniid.  riiiti'il  Stjit«'s  l'!ii}j[iii»'«'r'<. 


I-  o.-i 


n|i>i:ic\  ,\Hn\>  n|     \|\(.M:i1(     |t|;«  I.INA  I  i<»n. 

I  '•!.•  I     ^  I   MiS.     \l.\»K  \. 
'I'll,  iiilii'ii.    iini|.Mii'tiiiiM'ti  I    Nil.  -i,  liy   Wliriiiii   Wi'ii'ilciiniiiii— UliM'ivi  I .  ('iiplaili  <'lmiii«   W.   |;.i>  iiiniiil, 

III  ill  il  si:ii. ,  i:iimiHii'H. 


led.  and 
llir  lO.O.'l 
'cliuii  ol' 
iii'iidi:!!!. 
iiiii  iiiii^ 
Itiscclcd 
iHlic  iiir- 

\  crliriil 
ic  insli'ii- 

IIKIUllftU' 


00". 


M<  Mil  for 

■HI  • 


1.71 


iiiii^iU'tir 
•    liyiiii'.s* 

(dist-rvrr 

diitsi  : 


( 


D.iti 


A  I  .;iiNt  I  I.  l-i'l 


Tim 


Tfiiili. 
(!■.» 


Sr.ilr 


Aiiuii".!  1.'..  1h;!i 
A'n;ii«I  III.  l-ii^' 


A.  II.. 

"  IHI  11. 

III. 

I'l.l.  II 

I-.  VII 

■^  l.'l  11. 

III. 

i;:i.  II 

1-.  Ml 

"  ;ui  a. 

Ml. 

li.i.  II 

I-.  (HI 

-   1.-.  11. 

III. 

II"*. .'» 

r,.m 

'.1  IHI  H. 

III. 

"ill.  II 

r..  Ill 

!t   I.'.  II. 

III. 

•;i.ii 

II..  Ill 

!•  :iti  n. 

III. 

Vi.  :> 

1 1.  •.•• 

!t  i:.  n. 

III. 

',:>.  It 

II.  ;ii 

lit  INI  II. 

III. 

VI  .'. 

l.'i.  Ml 

Ill  l.->  II. 

III. 

vi. .-. 

1 1.  -jii 

lit  :iit  K. 

III. 

:ii.  II 

1 1.  :■« 

lit  l.'i  II. 

III. 

•;ii.  .'■ 

I.I.  Ml 

II    IMI  II. 

III. 

".ll. .". 

i:i.  )Ki 

II   l.'i  ». 

III. 

■ ".  .'i 

l-j   HI 

1 1  :u)  11 

III. 

^(1.  II 

II.  nil 

II  l.'i  II. 

III. 

HI.  .'i 

II.  Ill 

Vi  INt 

III. 

M..-. 

III   'Ml 

I-;  i:.  11 

III. 

"•.'.  II 

II.  In 

I-;  :iii  |. 

III. 

^  ',•  .'i 

II.  Ill 

\!    I"i  |. 

111. 

•■.',  II 

III  i.n 

1    INI    |i 

III. 

-1.  II 

III.  till 

1  :u  ■• 

III. 

'  - .  ■'• 

II. -.HI 

;i  1.-.  |i 

III. 

^:  11 

I'.',  nil 

li   IHI    |i 

III. 

'i.  II 

II.  '.II 

li    l.'i    |l 

III. 

•■.'.  II 

II  :ii 

li  :ui  |i 

III. 

-II II 

11    -n 

'.    (HI    |l 

III. 

'.•..11 

II.  IHI 

•   M\  |I 

Ill 

ll!l.  II 

1  1.  IKI 

-  Itll  ll 

III. 

li'J.  II 

II.  .VI 

>  Mil  |i 

III. 

>.  II 

11    IHI 

11  III  ll 

III. 

.>.  II 

In  nil 

l-i  •.'•  II 

III. 

.'.li,  II 

1  tin 

In  :tll  <i 

III. 

;.v  •> 

I'l.  n  1 

III  l.'i  II 

III. 

;ii.ii 

.'11   IHI 

II  INI  II 

III. 

VI.  II 

II  !in 

II    l.'i  II 

III. 

HI,  II 

-    IHI 

II  :tit  II 

III. 

"11. 11 

IV  III 

1 1  i.->  II 

III. 

^11.  II 

!l   'Ml 

1   I.-.  ,. 

III. 

-'l  II 

1  1.1.11 

■J   IHI    |i 

Ill 

-1  ■. 

I.'    IHI 

:t  IHI  |i 

III 

•ill 

ll.  nil 

1   IN)    |i 

III 

f»i.  .'l 

Hi.  IHI 

.">  UtI  |i 

III. 

<>.  II 

li.'.HI 

Ui'llllllk.. 


\Vi  iitlit'i  > Ki'l  iiiiil  I  li'.ii  .   \  ri  \  litll.   u  mil. 


OliMiMil  l.\  Ml.  1     \Vi>iil.ilil 

IlllmlMll    I  \    Ml      1'     \V.  Mllllii. 


I  11. Ill  I  I.I  li  |i   III.  i'iiuii'..:<'il  in  <'\|iii  iiii.  Ill  .<  Ill  il<  III  rill. n 

I  I'll  k  I'll  ilniinu  r\|M'iiini'liti<  i.l  ill  Ilii  timi ;  I  In  i  iniiitii'lii' 

1      iilliiili.il 

i  li.ixr  hlliilicly  i(il«|iri'lr(l  Mil'  |il'i-«*'liri'  nl'  illirnril  nil 
il.n ,   mill    Willi    III   till'   ..Imi  rv.il.iiv    :it    iiili||iti:lil     ii-* 

III.  I)   HI  .nii'il  t..  I nil   -I  I  It  III  iiiilii  .ilinii'M.I  it  In  III.' 

"Uv.  A  lilllr  I  l.niilv  .iii.l  .III  ,i'<|ii|i,ill\  ,1  :<iii|ilrii.  Ill  Inlt 
lili'C/f   hIih  ll  ill!  1  ii«.i\  iiiiiiii'illiitclx .— )'.  W.  It. 


.Miiiil,i\.    .\iiunNl   l.'i    nil  iiliM'i  \iiti<iii<<  iliii'iii^  llif  iliiy 

\  .  I  \   lillulil  .ililiilii  ill  lii;;lil. 
M.i^lii't  rIIi:Ii|I>  •mrill.iliiiu   ^^itllnllt  a|i|iiiii'lit  riiiitt'. 


M.'|i|..  ll  ll  aillii;;'*  '.i  I'liil.'  i  \l>'  iltiii  lit«  ol   \  lln.itliiii 


,  1"  L'.s".:». 
i;r.. 

11111^111*1  iC' 


iinrtli  I'lid 
MKM-idiiiii 

iliiiitrv  wn\. 


•f 


<U5Si;i:\  wTinss  i»hj  .M'.soi.i  i  i:  iioim/ontai.  iNirNsiTY. 

I'nlM     ^l    iMt.N.   AlU/iist   II.   ISOO. 

'rin'udiililr    m;i;^iit  loiiiilrr    No.  L'.   !i\    Williiiia    W'iiidriiiiiiiii — <  )li>i'r\  ci', 
riipiiiiii  Clnnii's  W  .  IJiiviumid,  Inili'd  Sliiti-s  I'liii^iiiccrs. 

i>i:t\ii.s. 

'I'Ik'  instniiiH'iit  was  rrtiiiiM'd  in  tlir  siniic  iMisitinii.  and  tiif  nmhhIi'Ii 
lin\  ii.srd  I'liv  till'  i>\|ii'ritiii'iil.s  III'  dfllci'tiuii  as  well  as  \  iliiatittii. 

Tlic  lii'll  iiK'tal  di'tlt'i'linji:  liar  was  pliiri'd  in  iiu^ilinii  and  .'^rnni'd,  and 
llic  Nii|i|iort  Ittr  tlu'  drll<'«'iiii;i  iiia;:n('t  |iiit  on.  To  this  was  atlaclii'd  a 
tlit'i'iiioiiM'tt'i' Miiitt' <'litM'  III   till'  iiiiiuiii't.     'I'lir   iiislriiiiiciit    was  iiiiiM'd 


I 


88 


KKfONXAlSSANCi:    ol'   TlIK    YfKON    IlIVKK. 


vory  sliy:litly  in  ii/.iimitli  until  flu-  \«'riic;il  wiic  l)isi'c(nl  tin*  I0.(K{  divis- 
ion of  tlir  sciilc  Till'  vcrnici's  writ-  tlini  icni  :iiiil  tin*  time  notcil,  in 
onlcr  to  fifllou  tin-  <'li:iIiLrt"*  of  (l('cliii;itioii  diiri!!'^  llir  cxpi'lillH'Ilt >  of 
dcllcrtjoii.  Tilt- colljiiiiltioii  liLi;j;iH-t  \\;is  |Im-ii  |)i;ifft|  upon  tlit-tMst  rrid 
of  the  drilfctiii;;'  Itar,  <it  :i  distance  of  O.ti.'t  fooi  tVoiii  tlir  snspriidt'd  niii;;- 
iK't.  Tlir  iiia.uiict  was  (|iMrtfd  and  allowed  to  take  its  normal  diicctiori, 
win-n  t  li«' \«'ili(al  w  ill' (if  tin-  tclcsin|ic  was  aiadc  to  liiscct  tlir  jo.ti.l 
division  of  tli<>  sraN*.  Tlir  tlicniionicti'i' and  titiic  wrvr  noted  and  the 
vernieis  lead. 

The  deliector  was  then  moved  to  tl.sT  foot,  and  a  similar  o|>(*ration 
ptne  tiiron;:h.  and   the  same  at   l.'.mieet.     'I'he   maikeil  end  of  the  de 
tieclor  was  llien  leveised  at   l.iMi  feet,  (he  instiinneni  mo\ed  in  a/imntli. 
the  suspemU'd  ma,i;iiet   ([nieled,  and   the  vertieal   wiieof  the   telescope 
made  to  Itisect  the  lO.d.'l  di\  isiou  of  the  scale,  «S:c. 

'I'he  deliector  was  then  i'emt»\ed  snccessivelv  to  0.S7  and  (>.(!•*)  foot, 
when  it  was  rexeised  and  an  exaitlv  similai  operation  peri'orined  as 
from  the  first,  in  order  to  olitain  a  donlde  set  «>f  residts.  ( >ne  ohserv  a- 
tion  was  taken  on  the  west  hefore  the  delle<'lor  was  i'emo\ed. 

The  deliector  was  then  taken  away,  the  suspended  needle  (pdeted.  the 
vertical  w  irt>  of  the  telescope  made  to  Itisect  the  in.n">  <livision  of  the 
Si  ale.  the  vernieis  read,  and  the  t  ime  iioted,  in  order  to  show  the  <'han;!:es 
of  tleclination  <liiiin;;  the  experiments. 

The  deliector  was  then  placed  upon  the  opposite  end  of  the  dellectinj; 
hai',  and  a  similar  set  of  ol>ser\atioiis  made.  At  the  close  the  deliector 
was  leiiloved,  the  suspended  needle  (piiete(|,  jlic  \ertical  w  ire  of  the  tele- 
.seo|ie  made  to  lti>eci  the  in.n.l  di\i><ionof  the  scale,  and  the  veriiiiTs 
read  for  <-lian<;es  of  declination,  notiii^  temperature  ai>d  time. 


I'.NI'lil.'IMr.NTS  OF  IIKII.I'CTION. 

I'lHii    ^1  kd.v.  Ai.vMvv,  Aiitjnsl  II,  |Hii'.». 

Miitfiirl  lit  ir.ii.'i  I'liHt  iiikI  ui'hI. 


• 

\ 

u 
n 

1 

3 

i 

5 

> 

p 

t 
1 

i* 

1 

M4 

ill 

1! 

■j  7 

1 

n 

, 

It 

c 

t 

n 

/.. 

III. 

It. 

0           ( 

II 

o 

t 

n 

i:.    I 

v.. 

W. 

7'.i,  0 
fl.i. 

iiii 

■>i 

yl 

:i:> 
i:. 

INI 
IM) 
INI 

I'll 

:u 

(HI 

1 

4li 

IHI 

III!    :i4 

4!l 

■Jll 

4H 

•J4 

.'■.'1  II 

ii 

III 

ir. 

IIII 

.1 

:ir> 

m 

114     4.'i 

:*\ 

'ji;. .'. 

■Jill 

4.1 

IIU 

1 1 

II) 

:,•).  II 

1 

i: 

-Ill 

mi 

!i-l 

(HI 
IIII 

iiii 

i*-"^ 

on 

■J 

4.". 

(H) 

iiii    .'iii 

ii.1 

;if 

:i.-. 

47 

•Jl). .'. 
11).  II 

\i 

w. 

i:. 
w. 

-l.ii 

t              i 

Ml.  (1 

-T.ii 

•JOI 

lll-J 
■,':i 

IH 

11- 

:ii 
;ii 
•Jl 

INI 

IIII 

IIII 
INI     . 

:ui 

III 

IW 

IK) 

:i 

:hi 

IH. 

114    IHI 

4.'> 

•:i.N 

,vt 

Xk  0 

1 

III-.' 

^11 

IIII 

:i 

:i.t 

im 

Mi-iiii  ... 

:to 

•J!) 

&r-.  1) 

I!fj     -J*.! 

I'J 

W,  I.I 

711 
IKI 

Of 

:i4 

."ill.  II 

If 

li:i 

•jii 

IHI 

A 

:iT 

(M) 

IKi    'JII 

t:i 

•Jtl. .'. 

i:. 

r-ii.  U 

•.ti:i 
III-4 

•,11 
'jii 

:«i 
on 

til 
:«i 

IN) 

:u) 

Ill  II 

l!l 

litii 

•Jl) 

IH) 

4 

.'•4 

Oil 

IIW    'JII 

•ii  . 

(),-|.  0 

w. 

rJ.«    , 

'.'-J 
•Jl 

■jii 

IHI     . 
IKI 

77 

Ml 

mt,  II 

'..'1 

114 

!» 

00 

3 

tA 

00 

114    'J4 

i; 

o:i.o 

tnl    1 

.  iiiiil  W  .. 

•JU4 

h 

IIII   . 

Mi'iiit . . . . 

Mt-aii 

:»H 

.V. 

li.V.'i 

:«* 

lU 

.VJ.  5 

i 

■  Ui',|t'«'». 

Heuutil\i. — III.  Mliii.  |t.  iii.--'riil'iii  il  iiiNliiiiiii-nl  mi  lll.u:i  <l<  il.  Hriili*.  VrririiiN,  K.  Ikl  ."il' ;  W. 'J4:i  'tV. 
'ri'lllh,,  7'<  .">  I'.,  (ittliirlii'tl.l  :ill.  4  nil  |i.  Ill  —  DrlliTliil-  IIWIIV  tn  ulliiw  rliiiiiu<  n  iil'  ili'illlialiiili.  'ri'lll|i..  Hl"^ 
I'".     ViiiiliiN,  K.  IKI  ■  I'.f     W.'Ji;i    41.    lilil  ..  — 


ViTlili  r».  v..  IKI     .'i4'  ;    W.  •J4;i    .'>4  , 


.(Mini.  |i.  Ill,— Kmlori'spfriiiii'iiiN.    'rrmp.,  fj  ■  V.    Siiilf,  11.70. 


;{<Ii\  is- 
tti-il.  ill 
i'llt>   of 

ilSt    V\\i\ 

m1  iiiii;;- 
irctioii, 
ic  1<M».', 
iiid  tll<^ 

x'l'iititMi 

tin-  tlc- 

/iiiiiitli. 

•Ifscupr 

(I.")  t'»i(»t, 
liicd    ;i.s 

tllSCMVil- 

H'«l.  tilt' 
I  of  tlic 
t'liaiijirs 

•lli'diiij;- 
IcIltM-lor 
(In-  tele- 
vcriiicis 


^=5 


■j  J 


711 

4f 

.•fci.  (• 

Mf 

'j\ 

ati,  :• 

77 

10 

fiii. » 

> 

:i.'i 

«».  .'• 

1 1 

^^ 

III.  1) 

,> 

:.:i 

:i:i.  11 

:iM 

'Jit 

lili.U 

,1.1 

.,.  ,    ,  » 

^, ,— 

:'.! 

i)H 

r.n.  t> 

:m 

;u 

■UK  5 

;!• 

IN) 

10.  0 

:i!i 

:i(i 

O.V  0 

77 

»i 

(Ni.  I) 

:w 

M 

IKLO 

;fii 

io 

5a.  5 

w. 'J4;i   r.r. 

'I'dlip.,  Hi" 
Sciilf,  11.70. 


I 


liKCoNN.VISSAN*  K    OF    Till;    YKKON    llIVKi;. 


89 


AV/x 


rimfiils  itf  (U'tlvrtiou — ( 'mit  iiiurd . 

M.I'JLIM  I   .it  'I  ■"•'>   "ll-l  illl'l   "'1l. 


•5 


1 


«< 


I 


r. 

H 
U 

■\\.  u 

17 
■.*» 

•j:i 


K. 

\v. 

E. 
\V. 

K. 
W. 
K. 
W. 


flt.  n 

Hl.O 
el. .") 


.'.II 
."ill 
M 
.Mi 
.'■7 


.•Si 

7i 


IfiH     ."iD     UO 


.14 


a  3.2 

91 


•i'l-i    .'>7    (10 

I"     0:1     INI 

•M"      11:1     INI 


(Ml 

110 

no  {      1:17    .'ill    00    I 

IHI  ! . 

(NI  I     iiiti  :i7  (10  I 


WW    0:)    (Kl 


h.  1,..  .w. 

•i      IHI  (III 

•J     '-"J  00 

•J     M  M 

':V'i7  '«(» 


ii,,-i  4:1  ati 

i:i7  .Su'  .w 

iiw  .v>  -i.'i 

i;w  01  :ii 


:io  wx  w.  o 

l.-i  '»\  •j:«.» 

:«i  .'."<  .'..Ml 

l.'i  ai  37. .'. 

;mi  .'.I  11.0 

i.'i  'A'i  3,'..  .'» 


Misiii  ic.i  i: 


>-' 

.11 

hf.  0 

».* 

..  II 

f^l 

1.  II 

11 

.1 

\v 

•j,".'.t 
it 

«7 
Til 

'J.Vt 
I- 


■J,-  nil 

•J-  IMI 

1:1  IKI 

1:1  INI 

111  no 

Hi  III 

III  ml 

III  ml 


lii'.i  i-  no 

i:i7  1:1  no 

iiisV  iii  (Ml 

i:w  01  06 


I  n.t  00 
j'  :iii  no 
:.  itV  06 
r.'-iiV'mV 


M.aii 

III'.)    ■>    IM 

"ifiT    ij    i.'. 

'    iii'j   itV  :«> 

"i;'ti    no    •>[ 


I.'.     T,     OS.  (i 


•II  I,'.  21.0 

I.-.  :,i  10..". 

;ii  :i:t  *:>.» 

1.".  Hi  .vj..'. 

Ill  Hi  (111.  0 

I.',  x-  0^. :. 


i.'i   III!    :hi.  .'li 


M.iiti 


«.'.        -t."! 


M.iuiiit  ill  IMMt  (list  ami  woi»t. 


1 

.1 

T 

1 

1 

w 

Si* 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

H 

""! 

ill 

£iH 

-1 

i 

1 
1 

0 

^ 

,, 

/'.    I". 

*. 

' 

.' 

E. 

Hi.n 

..^1 

|H 

|4 

O.'i 
O.'l 

Hil     H 

(i."i 

■J     10 

(HI 

Hil      IT 

wi 

K.    :i 

1.-. 

1:1 

.'.a.  0 

4 

KJ.  0 
l-I.O 

:i:i 

•ji 

••1 

INI 
IHI 
IHI 

no    . 

ii.'i   :i;j 

(Ml     j 

•J     trt 

UO 

115    :t:i 

^o 

1.'. 
1:. 

.M 
Hi 
.•i:t 
4:1 

:*\.  0 

INI.  0 

il 

Hil     -Jl 

no 

:i    (/-J 

(HI 

ici    to 

•10 

Oil.  0 

i.'i.  0 

10 

W. 

e-AO 

(                  .'».*! 

:i.'. 

:il 
:ii 

:u) 
:io 
:ii; 
;ii> 

IHI 

u.'i   ;i.-i 

00 

:»   OH 

(HI 

1  i.'i   :ir. 

•i'l 

I 

.•il 

:n.5 

K. 
\\. 

v.. 

e.i.  .T 
(j7.  0 
f4.  0 

1 

Tl 

1           .Vi 

•IX, 

\          Tl 

1        -J.'.  I 

no 

no    . 
00 

IMI    . 

00  . 
no  1 

Hil    :ii 

(III 

1    1:1 

nil 

* 

.v.* 

II.  a 

ir.i    :ii 

ll!l 





""■  ~'  ' 

W  i.'i 

Ill 
Hi 

I.'i 

04 

0-J 
IMi 

0:1 

ai.o 

Hi 

II,'.   ;»i 

0(1    1 

\    iW 

(Ml 

11.-.  au 

<H 

10. ,-. 

41.0 

'J  I 

itii   »<i 

(Ml 

.■1  sa 

UO 

Hil    :ui 

:« 

•tl  0 

OH.  II 

W 

W. 

f  .V  0 

1           .'..'. 

(Ni; 

IHI 

li.'i   i-i 

(Ml    ; 

,'.   :«.'• 

(Ml 

it.-,    li 

•Jl 

1 

.1* 

;i4. 0 

11  for  K. 

anil  \V  . 

1 

Mean  — 

M.ii 

-,    M 

:i(i.  T 

r* 

01 

oia 

Ukm.\HKH.— ThioiiKlimit  111!  tliin  HI  t  of  i-xiK-riim-ntH  tlio  lu-cilln  wiis  vi-ry  HrOKitivi-,  ami  il  tiM.k  u  li.in 
tilli)>  l<>  i|iiit't  it. 


00 


RKCOXVAISSANCK    OF   THK    YI'KON    RIVKU. 


AIIm'  llifsc  ('xi»i'riiiu'ii(s  tlt«  «li'M«'ct()r  wjis  rniiovpil.     'I'lit'  torsion  s\a.s 
tlM'U  tJ'.Ntrd  iis  lollows: 


Cirrlo  n^iiilM 


Hcalo  wmU 


•X  or. 

li'i:. 
:i. !»."« 


II. "lit 
ti.  lUI 

■<:.  tKi 
ii.-jfi 


Piff.  ofiiru. 

Dtir.  (if  M-ali*. 

^trnii  for  m 

90° 
180 

MO 

10.  <HI 

:..  Ill 

M:i 

MrliiiN.  nlisiTviilioiiH  jitiil  1 -iiiril  l>y  ('.i|il.i!ii  <'li.irlin  W.  I:j>  iiimiiiI    riiilcij  St.ilrn  Kii(.'liiiri  ■«. 


The  rollowiiiy  cNpciimciit.s  of  vilinitioii  w'l'ir  iiiiuli-.  The  cliroiioinctcr 
used  Wii.s  No.  I»;h',»  M.  'I'..  Iiy  I5li.-<s  and  (iriiililoii.  'I'lic  lliciiiioiiiftfi- 
was  outside  the  lio\,  liiit  near  it.  and  on  tlie  opposite  side  tVoiii  the  hiinp. 

Th(i  eollinialion-niaj,ni  t  was  siispeinh'd  I'oi' tlie  experiiin'iits  of  vilna- 
lion.  Iiistniiiieiit  far  led  in  aziimith  until  tiie  \citieal  wiie  hiseeted 
the  I(».0(»  di\  i.>>ioii  of  ihi-  scale. 

Scale  read ini;  taken  Just  Iteloie  the  Jitiuli  \iltration  to  siiou  cliaiiyes 
o|' declination.      IJeadiii:.;,  I'.. 00.     Tiine.  llMi.  l."»ni.  p.  in. 

.Inst  lieloic  the  .'lOMtli  \il»ration  the  scale  reading'  ehan;ied  to  '>.{){), 
there  lieinu'  Ho  apparent  cause.  The  \  iluations  had  liecoine  so  small 
that  the  assumed  zero  division  did  not  pass  I  lie  vertical  wiie.  'i'he  in 
siiiinieiit  was  therel'ore  moved  sji^htlv  in  azimuth  to  collect  this  elianjic 
ol' declination,  and  the  .'liMtth  vihiat  ion  timed.  No  I'lirther  Niiirations 
conhl  he  timed,  as  it  was  toniid  impossiMe  to  make  the  ina;;net  \iliiate 
any  lon;4«'r. 

At  the  end  of  the  experiments,  the  instrument  was  mined  in  azimuth 
to  its  ori};°inal  position,  in  order  to  oh.serve  (■lian]L>'es  in  declination. 

Approxiinale  time  ot'six  \  iluations  at  the  iM'^iimin;.:',  •••*»''. 

Approximate  time  of  ten  \  iluations  at  the  L'(M>th,  ."»!»%  Stopped  at 
I''    IL""  p.  111. 

\  llllIATKi.NS. 

Ohmrnirniiin  iiilltmit  iniijhl. 


.X'i>  iifii'c.    TimoM  liy  rliriuioiii«-U>r.  i    T<*ni|i.,  F. 


0 

II 

14 

18 

94 

au 


III. 

». 

Ill 

0.V  0 

til 

-ill.  n 

n 

iii. :. 

IM 

•i*.  :i 

I'.t 

111.  II 

I'l 

:i'.i. : 

09.  .1 
MS.,*} 

8a  .1 

88.9 
8S.5 
(K.S 
(AS 


41) 
94 

to 
too 

«W 

MO 


1  llN    t  'l 

'ntli)|lirtl*r. 

T<«iii|i.,  r. 

/i.    m. 

H, 

" 

1    ai 

I.V.'i 

fttri 

',11 

r.i.M 

H11..1 

•ji 

•■:.  0 

Hu.  r. 

»i*i 

IIJ.  H 

>"i .'. 

•,'11 

111..') 

rl    (1 

:i.'. 

.'m.  .1 

r-l.ll 

43 

4T.» 

«4.  U 

To  ilelrriiniii-  riMfllriiiil  u/  /()r..(<iii. 


Ciirli'  iTjiiU— 


iSciili-  rcnilit 


:i. !).'. 

n.-.o 

:iii.  !ir> 

111.  m 

i'j.ii."> 

>jl.lNI 

:i. !!.". 

n.7i» 

IliH'.iil'iirr. 


goo 

ISO 
00 


Diir.ol  NCilli-,  Mruh  lilt  IN) 


no 

10.40 

ado 


9.W 


KKCnNNAlSSANM  K    OK     I'm.    MKOX    RIVKR. 


91 


Tilt'  ul»srrviitiniis\vith  wciulil  wrn-  linn  iiiiitli'.      TIh-  «i»lliiM;itiMii.|ii!i;j- 
lu't  rnniiiiMMl  siispcinlcd,  :iiiil  llir  incrtiii  liii;;  was  Itiilaiicj-il  nii  it. 

\l»pro\iiiiiilt'  tinir  of  six  vihiatioiis  .\\  tin   lu-jiiiiiiiM;- .  .    .•»;»^ 

Im-i  lia  .in-.  .-.Isi.!..  .I.ain.t.r I.!«^;  ".<•  "I'S. 

i'lsiil.'  .lianutcT ••<»'»•  mmIm's. 

A,.iulit :.(»7.0l.'  grains. 

HraU'-riatlin-  at  Tu-innin^' '"•'"*• 


\  Illl.'AI  lo.NS. 
Dliiirraliiiiih  iiilh  uilijlil. 


Ti'iiii).,  r. 

W.ft 

H4S 

rtj.n 

H*r. 

Hi.n 

Ht.O 

M.fi 

Nil.  Ill  iMU'.    'rmii  <  li>  c '.iriiiiuiiiili  I.       'Iriiili. 


0 

M 

91 
30 

:u> 

H 

:a 
toil 


I'.         Nil.  Ill  11^1.     '|'iiiiiili\  I  liniiiniiiiiir.  I      rriiip.    I' 


/.. 

IK. 

x. 

1 

:ii 

I'l.  - 

on.  It 

:« 

\i.  y 

^■ll   II 

:i:i 

:i.v  0 

-11.  0 

:i( 

«'■.  7 

-11.  (1 

:i.'i 

•ji.*- 

.-II.  0 

:iti 

II..I 

-11,11 

•ii 

in.  .1 

-11.  II 

1- 

i«i.  .'• 

-0.(1 

.1- 

.•i:i.  .•. 

►  11.  (1 

:i!t 

1(1. 1 

Ht.  (1 

10 

;t'.i.  ."i 

HI.  (» 

Hi 

:u.:i 

M).  II 

A. 


•■Ill  I 
:iiiii 
Mih; 
.11.: 
:iif 
:wi 
:i:iii 

:u-j 
u- 

ilTil 

:u'i() 


«. 
II.- 

VX  0 

n..'. 
:il.  11 
•jii. : 
I'l.  I 
ii.:i 

HI.  'i 

:>',.  (I 
vx  :> 
n.  II 

Xt.  u 


ll!l 

II 

(.!l 

(1 

(•!) 

II 

C'.l 

II 

li'.l 

II 

(i; 

(1 

ti7 

II 

iu 

II 

(17 

II 

(17 

II 

•17 

II 

lil) 

II 

Willi!  Hum  till- iiifl.     Iliiiliii'.' Hi' -i.ili-  It  '  ii'l  "I 'Ali'iiiii'iil'.  :'•"'    .            „      ,                ,,       ,,,      .,,. 
Ii,,'.il,i,iiilnlMi-n.li....Hln  r.|.l.,lMi  l..Ml.-\V    IM.M I    rnlli.lsi,.lr»lMmliicvr«.     I... n,>  Ml. 

I    .1.  MlljlH. 

\,ill  -\-,i'i.wl  III.     .M    IW-  .--i/.-.i..  iii.al.nlli.iiil  ili-pla.N  -r  i.iin.r;!  i-iU   i«l...  -       H   li-tj-l  ,•;'""''•'" 

|„;„r.     11  «.M   Hi   liillli.iiil  in   llii-.iiM.      Ihr  nn..:iiil  «a-.  .Iin«  ii  i  Mm|.!,  H  ly  ntil  nl   lln-   1'""'"'   "; 

«X      I  inini-il  lln   i,„MU,ni.nl  in  ../iiiinlli.  ninl  lln  n  "a«  lli.il   lln_  m.^ml  «a,  :;i.  ..ll.N  aylLiMl    l.olli 
ViTliriillv;iiHt  In.ii/.onlMll.v,     li  smi- ili.iwu  >  mnulv   In  lln m.ml.-  I     W     U- 

Al  (il*!  ■-''.  1~<'.'- — I'll  ill  li  nniiii  iiidfitiiiil  of  liiniiiiii. 


('Ircli>  n'niln—       '      SimIi  niiilii 


KiiV.  , .1.111.  Dlff.  of  »ciilf.  Misiiilnrw 


:i.  !tt 
:!(!.  ;i."i 
I '.'I.". 


III.  in 

."i.  nil 
I.V  HI 

III.  :iu 


IN) 
INI 

IHI 


.V  10 

III.  "(I 


;ii» 


In-liiiiii.ni  hiiii.mI  mi  ,in  i  iili;iii  iiiaiK   llir  ii.milii.n  ..r  «  lii- li  liinl  l..'-n  iliaii!.--.!. 
i;iit.liiii.'iilvfnili'ii<,  I'l.  •J;!   imi   to     \\ .  vioo  m-  :iii  . 


Ai 


■,%. 


^. 


w, 
<>^> 


<^ 


O^.  \t>  T.^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


4. 


.^ 


Va 


1.0 

■  5  0         

.If     lifi 

I.I 

1.25 

1.4 

2.5 


1.6 


^ 


<^ 


//, 


^/. 


O^smo, 


o 


^ 


PhotDgraphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


•NJ 


A 


:\ 


\ 


^^ 


23  W«T  M*'^  STRSET 

WESiTFit.N  7    145B0 

(7Vi)  »V  2-4503 


c."^ 


92 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    KIVEK. 


OliSKRVATloXS  roi;  AliSOLlTE  .MA(;M:ri('  JXCIJXATIOX. 

A  It.  I'M  •2(>.  i.-^(;u. 

'I'lic  iiliscvvations  to  (Ict'iiiiiiu'  ilic  ;ib»(iluto  uiagnctit:  im-liiiation  were  iiimlc  with  ilipcircli' \o.  ■,', 
liy  W'iinlciiiami. 

I'icviiiMs  to  tlif  obsrrvaf  ions  tlic  iici'illrs  wrrc  rc-clmrfri'd.  Itradiii^i.sot' vernier  wlioii  the  iiistniiin  iit 
Is  ill  iiiafilietie  iiieriilian,  I'aee  cast.  v;,Vi     11'  (III'   ;   I'aec  west,  ''i      11'  00". 

Details,  observations,  and  record  by  Cajitain  Cliarles  \V.  liayniond,  I'nited  Slates  Kiiuiiieeis, 

Xi'.HDi.i;  X(i.  1. — MuiKKD  i:ni>  mhmii. 


I'"ace  of  vertical  circle. 


I'acc  of  needle. 


jreans       ; 
of  north  and  j       Mean.s. 
sontli  ends.    . 


Means.       i  '''™1''' 


^y 


K *!•     'u  (10 

!•; xi  00 

W ."..■•>  00 

A\' (-0     0,")  00 

K lii   r,-i  :to 

r, ,")T  (10 

w ,-.;!  00 

\v ,-,:i  (10 


7'J 

rM   GO 

70     ,')7 

:io 

go 

(10     00 

■'.) 

1.".   (It) 



7!l     -I'.l 

(Id 

V.) 

,-i:i    no 

.1. 


Mean 7!)    0:i    lo    '. 


lilt,  11 

m.  r. 

liO.  (I 

(ill.  r, 

t-2.  (I 
(ill.  0 
7-,>,  0 
71.0 


Xki.iii.i;  Xo.  1. — M.vi!Kr.i>  i;m»  .^-oi hi. 


Kae 

e  of  vertiea 

1  eiiele. 

I''aee  of  nerdli'. 

!Mearis 
of  noi'tli  and 
soiilli  ends. 

M 

eans. 
00    O'l 

M 

0 

ean 

•1 

T 

>mp,. 

K 

!•:  . 

. . .      ,-<0     1-i 

00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
(10 
00 
00 

c 
,-0 

1 

1 

0 

70.0 

Mean 

7- 

oi; 

. . . '     70     'J,") 
1     HO     ]'J 

7!l 

47 

4,"i 

70.  0 

7!) 

2G    HO 

70.0 

70,0 

AV 

70 

.58    30 

70  0 

K.. 

...i     70     4.-. 
4-J 

70 

i:, 

].-) 

70,  0 

70 

;i-j   m 

70.0 

70.0 

70 

40 

:i(i 

] 

( 


Xi:i:i)i.i;  Xn. ','. — Makm.d  k.vd  Miiini. 


Face  of  vortical  circle, 


V. 


\\ . 


I       ifenns       i 
Kaee  of  uee(ll(}.  i  of  nortli  and  !       Means. 

I    Houth  ends,    ! 


M..an.s,       l'^"];,^''" 


.l-R., 
10  . . 
\V 
AV 

I  AV 
W 


0           / 

HO   o;t 

0(1 
00 
00 

oo 

(10 
0(1 
00 

no 

0 

80 

01 

II 
00 

0 

/     // 

0") 

70   r 

4    4,7 

70     41 

7it 

4.5 

;to 

,")() 

;t."i 

7!l 

42 

:io 

"pO 

70   : 

•J     HO 

i:) 

70 

.>.» 

:io 

;!■,' 

m.  0 

()0,  0 
(19,  0 
(iO,  0 
(i!l,0 
(i!t,  0 
(iO,  u 
09,0 


Mean. 


79   43   :n,  5. 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


:)3 


'-r 


(Htscrrdlionn  for  nJiMdutf  iiidfiiK lit-  '.iiiHikiUdii — CoiitiiiiKMl. 
Xi;i;i)i.i.  No.  ■>. — M  \i;ki,i>  i:ni)  .soirii. 


T'iici^  ol 

Vfiliciil  liiclc. 

[■' 

Ka.( 

<  cif  IIimmUi'. 

ipf  11 

Sim 

0 

>0 

[('."lis 
irtli  .iiiil 
til  ciids.   ' 

M 

■nil 

s. 

>r('iiiis. 

'1 

0111])., 

E - 

ID 

III) 

III! 
(Ill 
(H)     I 

(HI    : 

III! 

nil 

IKI 

o 

Iv! 

(Ml 

o          /         // 

7(1  (1 

:ili 

w 

I' 

.-11      11     0(1 

70  0 

. . .       r^i) 

rO 

10 

(M) 

7(1.  (1 

70.(1 

W 

T!l 

■Hi 

3(1 

70.(1 

I' 

711    10    :to 

70.  (I 

.-II 
711 

111 

:<■: 

:») 

70.  0 

70.  0 

Ml 

to     00      l.'i 

i       * 


( 


Ni:i;i)i.i;  Nn.  I!. — M.\i;Ki;i>  i;m>  .mumm. 


]'':ii-r  lit'  viv(ir:il  ciirlr.  I'm  r  iil'  iici'ill 


AV 


M.iiii 


Mciiii.f  .,, 

Ill' iiurtlwiiiil  >ri:ili.s.  Miiiii>.  "j"'' 

.simili  iiiil.s. 


K  . 
K  . 
W 
W 
K. 
K  . 
W 
A\' 


'            ~i              I  II  D              i             /I                       ■■               I             'I 

.1     70     l.t  00         70    ,71     00      i;-*.  0 

."lii  oil       711     .77     HO  (i-i.  0 

.-11     II.-;  00  ^0     (II     00       (1.1..') 

00  (10       (!,-<.  (I 

.      70     1,7  00  70     1.7     HO       OO.d 

III  00    i 7'.i    :i-,'    1,7  i;o. 0 

.70  00  7'.l      10     00       011.0 

:!o  00    ' (ill.  0 


Nl.l.Dl.i;  Nd.  :!,— M.\i!Kl.l)   E.M)  Xlllll. 


]''ilir  111'  *  rlliiill  rirclr.  I'ilii'  iil'  IHTlllr, 


Mt'lUls 
111'  iiiirlli  and         Mi'iiiH 
.soiilli  ciiil.s.  I 


70      11     "i-J.  .7 


Mi.iiis.     '''''j^;!' 


IW 


AV. 


Mriili 


K. 
K. 
W 
A\' 
K  . 
JO. 
AV 

\y 


Ml    :i.7  (10        fO    i:;    :io     

7H     'i-J  (10       -0     IH     (III 

,-0     0,7  (III  .-0     (I-.!     liO       

(1(1  00       

711      11  00     ,     70      10     (III       

:i;i  HI      70    -JO     1.7 

■,'7  i!0       70    1.1    :«)     

Ill  (10 


70.(1 
70.  II 
70.  .7 
70.  0 

(;.•<.  .7 

(H,  .7 
ll.-.  ,7 
(i^.  .7 


'1    1-    :!7. 


COMLMTATIONS. 

MA(iM;il(:    DECLINATION. 

To  (U'tcniiinc  tlic  aii.uiiljir  value  of  one  division  ol'  t\w  .scale  of  the 
(lec'linatioii-ina,i;iiet,  eon-ected  for  ratio  of  toisioa  aiid  niaji'iiolic  force,  a 
moan  of  the  ob.seivatictns  of  An^^iist  II  and  Hi  is  eniploved.  The  com- 
putation is  as  follows : 

w=rmean  of  scale-readinjis  for  tMP:  ;/=same  reduced  to  an«uhir 
viiluo;  *r=nu'an  of  circk' readings  for  \H)^  \  rf=an,mdar  Aaluo  of  ono 
division  of  scaIo  =  llS".  j. 


94  REC0Nx\AIS8AXCE    OF    TIIK    YIJKOX    RIVER. 

mx((  =  H  =  HW.2ii;  /r=;!2400()"  ;  n'-u=:.i2:y2:VA".l  I 
loj;-  ^  =2.8843702 

]()o-  (ic-,i)=r).rmr>i67 

lo-  ^J[  =  7.3748r>ir) 

j!=o.o(L';57(>(; 
i  +  |!=i.<">2;J70() 

a  ( I  +  |^J)  =  148".8r,=L"  2S'\S:t 

Mean  <kvl! nation,  Anf/nst  14,  180!>. 

Scale  10.03— Voiiiiors e.  urp  .14'     AV.  243°  54' 

Meridiau-mark 20    00  '>09    00 

r.        ,.         .        ,  34    54 

iyoi'i'.  iov  aziiuuth  ot  iiuuk _li    30 

Mean  of  s.:"ale-readings 13  3(j 

13.30-10.03=4-3.33;   3.33x2'  48"=8'.2584=  8  15'  .5 

Mean  (led illation  =  30    32  15  .5 

Mean  declination,  Amfu.st  10, 1800. 

Ileject  observation  at  10''  45'"  a.  ni. 

Mean  of  scale-rea(ling.s=13.74. 

13.74-10.03= +3.71 
3.71  X  2'.48=9'.i'008= +9'  12".05 
Mean  <lecliuatioii=3Go  33'  12".05. 

Mean  of  values  for  August  14  and  10,  1809. 
Magnetic  declination =30°  32'  44". 

RATIO  OF  MAGNETIC    3I0MENT  OF    DEFLECTING  MACINET    TO  HORI- 

ZONTAL   INTENSITY. 

>-=distance  between  centers  of  magnets  in  feet. 
w=corrected  angle  of  deflection. 

r::=0.05;  «=38o  55"  25'.5     log  tan  w=9.9071034 

ar.  CO.  log  (2)  =  9.0989700 
log  r  =  9.8 129134  log  (>-^)  =  9.4387402 

log  ^=9.0448730 
"*=:=  0.1108852 


/ 


RECONNAIS.SANX'E    OF    THE    YTKON    RIVER. 
>-^=0.S7  ;  u  =  irp  :',{■>'  ;{()"..-,     lou.  tan  Ks^^KUiMlU 

iir.  (•(».  loo-  (2)  .  :!).(;!)8!>7()0 

I<)o-  '"  -  .s.!»(;.j<;!»!)(> 


III 
X 


.-^0.001  !»S  14 


95 


v:^-:  1 .0!) :  ,/    : 70  5(J'  W.:       l„u-  tan  »^0.M4(kS:)S 

lo--  (r')=().112L.'7!t.". 
iir.  CO.  lof.-  (L'):=().(il>8i)700 


log  "!=8.!>r,o(»;3r);; 
'''^(>.()!»o;!:)i.-) 


Moan  at  0.87  and  1.0!>,  !JJ  =  0.001 1(504  ;  log=8.0.")!»8348 


PRODUCT   OE    MACfNETIC;   ^lO^nO.NT   OE   YllJKATlNCi    MA(i.\ET    Xm)   IIOHI- 

ZONTAJ .   I>-  J' EX.SIT  Y. 


Correction  of  iime.s  of  vibration. 

Tlio  correction  for  rate  and  arc  beino-  inappreciable,  the  correction  of 
tiie  times  is  computed  by  the  following  formula: 

T^=T"x(l4--J)[.l-(/'-/)7j 
in  Avhich  T  and  T'  are  the  true  and  observed  times  of  vibration  resix'ct- 
^^''^h"^  yj  tlic  ratio  of  the  torsion  and  magiR'tic forces;  t,  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  Tuagnet  wliile  defle(;ting;  i',  the  temperature  of  the  magnet 
whde  vibrating;  and  q,  the  change  of  magnetic  moment  for  one  degree 
of  temperature. 

Having  had  uo  opportunity  to  obtain  the  value  of  o  by  experiment 
it  is  assunu'd  0.00015.  /    ^       i 

I.  Tinu'  without  weight. 

/'=81i3.7;  /     :8;50.;',;  // _ / ,,^ tp.(),j ;  (/'-^)^/.  ^  ].0()()0i) 
log  [1  -(/'-07]  =  0.0000;{01 

iog(T'')  =i.r.5o;u70 

log  (l  +  !|)~:0.001028;j 
log(T2)  =  lJ55l7{S50 

iogT-^o.77r.ooL>r> 

T=o'.J)(J01 


9G 


RECOXNAISSAXCi:    OF    THE    YUKON    KIVP:K. 


11.  TiuK'  with  wci^jiiit. 

^'.=  82^7;    tr...-2'^A;    f'-t    A0^.:\^  (/'  —  /)  7  =  0.001545; 

l,,n'  1 1_ (/'_/),y] :^. n.()()!).'52S5 

]()-•  (T'-'').-:- 1.8885701 

lou-  (1+,JJ^)=(MH)102S;3 

loS  (T-).-=.L8880L'72 
lo,nT-=0.9144«i:{(; 
T  =  8\800 

Mnnii'Dt  of  inert''!  of  irrlffhf. 

The  iii('rtiii-iiii^i>-  is  ol'  bcll-nu'tiil.     Its  iiioiiKMit  of  iiieitia  is  computed 
by  the  lullowitiJi'  foriiuila  : 


>■  i 


ill  wliicli — 


K' ==.  A  (/■■-'  + }•'-)/'• 


r  --  outer  radius  in  icct  ^^  (),(>8;;i'!M( 

0.0(;(i708 
507.02 


r'  =  iiiiuT  radius  in  loot 

w  --=  woi.i!,lit  ill  p'aiiis. . . 

r-  r^:  0.00()9372211 

r'-  =  O.004449957.'} 


!■-  +  I-'-  :.  0.011  ,'587 181 4 
.1,  wr==25;3.51 


lo^-  ^---  8.05(541(;2 
loiLj    .:  2.40ai)!»51 

loii'  K'  :^.:.O.4G041i;! 


« 


1 


Moment  of  inertia  of  .sunpcndeil  nKujnet  and  stirrnji. 

This  <juantity  is  ooniputcd  by  tho  followiuy;  formula  : 

(T-      \ 
rp/2  ri\>    I 

iu  which  T'  and  T  arc  tho  corroctod  timo;of  vibration  with  and  without 
weight  rcspoctivoly. 

T"  =^  77.  440000 

T^  ---=  35.  50;515(i  log-  --  1.55i;?850 

T'^  _  T-    ^  41 .  840844 ;  log  =  1 .0210027  ;  ar.  co.  log  -=  8.378337;$ 

f  —  t:^^  l()o.<)  5  2r  -^  0.000013()         h)g  K'  ^  0.4004113 

1  +  2e  (f  —  t)  =  1.00014824  log  =-  0.0000G44 

log  K  ^^  0.3901080 

The  product  of  the  horizontal  intensity  int  >  the  magnetic  moment  is 
comj)uted  by  the  following  formula: 

in  Avhieli  K  =  moment  of  iTiertia  of  magnet  a))d  stirrui*,  and  T  =«  cor- 
rected time  of  vibration. 


J 


RECONXAISSAN'CE    OF   THE    vrivON    KIVER.  97 

lo<-'  (-2)  =  (>.0!)41>9J)7 
loo-  (1-)  ..  ]..-,i38r>0;  ar.  cu.  lo^-  =.  .S.4-l,S(Jir>0 

lo^'  ///X  =  9.8;5;}Ili>7 

MAG.\KT. 

Tlie  qiiautities  arc  computcMl  by  the  followiu-  fonmila' : 

ill  whicli 

A  =  -j^  ;  B  =  wX 

lo<>-P,  =  0.,S.T!I11'7 
loo-  A  =  S.O.jOS-'JiS  ar.  co.  I,.-  .-.  i.o.Kii,;.-,^ 

]o,o'(X^)  =^~-  (i.,s7;Jl'77!> 
log  X  =  o.4;j(;(>;i.s!)o 

X  =^  2.7;J210 
loo-  A  =3  8.1>r){)8;U8 

]()olj  .=  9.8;j;jiii'7 

log  (/«■-')  x^  8.7(L'i(T77i 

l(io-  ),i  =^-:,  !».;{!i(ii7;H.") 

ABSOLrTE   3IAGNETIC    IIvTLINATION. 

Xoedle  Xo.  l_:\roaii  of  observations 790  4^/  -,../,  - 

XiHMllo  Xo.  L'— :\„,ni  of  obscrvalioiis 51    Vi  ' ", 

Xeedle  Xo.  3— Mciin  of  obsm-iitioiis 4(j    \s  m  ' 

^"^•"^ ~^)~~~.s 

^^^-»" 70     4!)    3- 

TOTAL    IXTEKSITY. 

Tlie  following  formula  is  employed  : 

I  =  - -A  _ 

cos  D 

in  which  X  ^  horizontal  intensity,  and  1)  =  the  inclination. 

lo;;  X  =  0.4;!(i(i;!!»(> 
log  cos  D  =  9.2471031 4        ar.  eo.  log  ^  0.7.-,i',S9(;;) 

log  I  =  i.Kson.ryj 

I  =  15.471(>2 

giiSerr^"^'*'"'  '*^'  ^'^•^''"'  Charles  W.  IJaymond,  Uniied  States  Kn- 
S.  Ex.  12 7 


( 


/ 


rfl^9l^mi^^g)^t^f«fgfg;iff!f^g^^gll^^,;^fg^ 


A  V  V  i:  \  i>  I  X  c. 

EECOliD    AND    1M:1)I;(  T'oX    OF    METKOROUJGICAL 

OnSKiiVATIOX.S. 


<.:().MrAKl8(,)\  OK   l!AK'n.Mi:Ti:U.<. 


l{i:iM)i:i!T  Sr.  ,Micii.vi:i.".s,  Scptrnibir  'M'>,  1^'G'J. 


Cistf'i'ii  liiii-iiiiictcis  Xii.-*.  I'lil;*  Mini  Ml.!,  liy  .raiiirs  (Ii-fcii.  XfW  Ydik— ( )lisi'r\  oi',  Mr.  J.  .1.  .^[;lj(ll■. 


( 


Iloiir. 


h.  m. 

II)  mi 
u  :m 


II.  Ill 
11.  III. 


IJiiromctcr   uiicdr-       ^\tt.  tlii'riiii)-      Kndi.s  of  Ipiiromc-        Kiimim  nf 

ri'cti'tl.  mctci'.  tii.s.  tlu'iiiKiim^tiis. 


IGia      ;       IfiOO.         1013. 


29.  015 

.  (;.■.:( 

.  O.'i-.i 
.  ti,"iO 
.  050 
.  05!) 
.003 


20.  ti;i-j 
.  i;  1 1 
.(;:iii 

.03  1 
.  03,-J 
.051 
.  050 


.57.  0 

.■.5.  0 
.13.  5 


o 
.50.  5 
5"^.  5 
.5.5.  .5 
.51.  -J 
.50.  5 
57.  0 
54.  5 


0.(00 
.000 
.0110 
.0110 
.0110 
.  000 


.000  i 


0.013 

.  00!) 
.  0^-J 

.  o-jo 

.Ol-J 

.  OOH 
.013 


1009.  I  1013.     1009.   I  1013.   1C09. 


1-J  31  II.  Ill 

I    30  1(.  Ill 

•J  0(1  p.  Ill 

3  0(1  [).  Ill     ■- .. 

4  00  p.  Ill j         .003    I         .O.'iO     ;     03. 

Slim -  ii.  0!i7 

LI  I  •nil-    p:irl  (il  cciir.'ctidii  iliic  to  (liH'crt'lifi'  n,'  liinoinrliTs 0.  (113!)  ■. 

I'iiit.  of  ciii'iiMli.iii  line  to  ililt'iTciu'i'  of  iitt.  tlirniiiiiiMlcrM i  — i.  OO'J,-'  . 

Iiistruimiilal  iliUVrciur !  -(0.0107  ;. 


0.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 


o 
-1.  0 
1.5 
0.5 
0.7 
1.0 
1.5 
1.0 


—  1.03 


Sa.V    Fi!.\N(I.-C(). 

Cistern  baromotcrrj   Xos.  1571,  1009,  ninl    liiiil.  liy  •[iiiiu'.s   (iiicii,   Xow    Vork — Aiiorniil    Imrninotoi  — 

Ob.-ifiviT,  Mr.  J.  ■/.  Miijoi'. 


/ 


Date. 

Hour. 

Baroiiii.ter  micor.         Att.  tliiTiim-   i       i,;,,,„.„  „f  i,,,,„„„. 
riTti'.d.               1        lucti-i-. 

1                           1 

lI'H. 

Krrors  nC 
till  riiiiimc  tci.M. 

1,571.  ;  1009. 

1013. 

• 

^'^')'j'  1571. '1009.1013.  1.571.     lOiii). 

1013. 

All.', 
loid. 

1571. 

0.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 

1009. 

0.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
+  0.5 

0.0 
.0 

1013. 

1809. 
X.iv.  17 
Dec.     1 

2 

3 

4 

h.  in. 
9  3(1  a.m. 
Iv!  III. 
30(li).lil. 
OOOa.ui. 
3i  0)1.111, 
!)00!l.in. 
30!  11.111. 
9  00 11.111. 

1 

30.300  30.374 
.•i-M     .'^44 
.191      .-l  7 
.l-iO      .193 
.d-J.-'      .013 

■2!I.!I(J7  •.i9  975 
.!I37      .!ll:' 

30.1^7  30.170 

30.395 
.•J55 
.•,>•,•  1 
.157 
.045 
.000 
•.;!I.!I70 
30. 19-J 

i                    i 

0            0     1             1 

!  02.5   C:>.,5'  02.0  0.001) 

03.5    03.5    (i3.5    .0(10 

30,.3.50    07.0    07.0    07.0    .(!00 
.29,1    5^.0    .5,".0    5^.ii    .000 
.190    1)0.5    00.5    00.5    .000 
.1-^5    5.<.5    5,-'. II    5c-. 0    .0(10 
.0!iO    07.5    ti7.5    07.5    .000 
.340    01.5.  01.5   01.0,  .000 

—.014 

.on; 

.010 

.0(i7 

+  .(il5 

— .0(lf< 

.012 

(-.017 

—.035 
.027 
.0.!0 
.031 
.017 
.033 
.033 
.0  5 

—.1.59 
.104 
.102 
.1.5ri 
.1.53 
.153 

.fO.5 
.0 
.0 
.0 

.« 

+o.ri 

.0 

4  0.5 

Sum                                                    

—0.133 

—  .0222 
-(-  .0010 

—  .013b 

-0.211 

—  .0204 
4-   .0005 

—  .0209 

—  0.!I4!) 

—  .15.~2 

4  0.5 
+0.00 

+  i.r) 

!Mt'aiirt-pai'f  iif  ciiricition  ihic  to  i  ri'or  nt'  Ipanniii'tir.s 

Part  iif  convitiim  due  to  I'lior  in  alt.  tliciiiiniiK  tti.s 

+  0.19 

"75^ 


100 


EKCONNAISSAXCK    Or    THH    YUKON    RIVER. 


METF.OnOLOCICAT.  Ol'.SERVATIOX.'^  AT  TJEDOUHT  ST.  MICIIAEI/S. 


Cistern  barometer  N'o.  Itillt,  iiiiil  tlicriiiiiiiicti'tj*.  liy  .riinus  drci'ii.  New  Yurk— Ohsi-rvir.  Captain  Kiedoll. 

Miipiiiiiti mlriil  111'  tr.uliii^;-.stali(iii. 


Date. 


Hour. 


July       3 


II 


It 


cc 


m 
re 


10 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


19 


20 


2  p.  TTl. 
!•  p.  til. 
(•a.  III. 

I'J  III. 
:i  )).  III. 

!•  i).  711, 

!l  a.  III. 
12  III. 

;<  p.  III. 

0  \i.  111. 

!)  a.  III. 
12  111. 

'.i  p.  III. 

!l  ]>.  ui. 

!l  a.  III. 
12  111. 

H  p.  111. 

!)  p.  111. 

9  a.  111. 
12  111. 

I)  I).  III. 

0  ji.  III. 

!)  a.  III. 
12  111. 

'.i  p.  III. 

0  ](.  III. 

!l  a.  111. 
12  III. 

'.i  p.  III. 

!'  ji.  III. 

0  a.  III. 
12  III. 

;i  p.  III. 

9  ]i.  111. 

9  a.  III. 
12  III. 

•i  1).  111. 

9  j>.  III. 

9  a.  111. 
12  III. 

3  p.  III. 
9  ]>.  111. 
9  a.  111. 

12  III. 

3  p.  111. 

9  p.  111. 

9  a.  111. 
12  111. 

3  p.  111. 

9  ]i.  111. 

9  a.  III. 
12  111. 

3  ]).  III. 

9  ]).  111. 

n  a.  111. 
12  111. 

3  p.  m. 

9  ji.  ni. 

9  n.  m. 
12  111, 

3  ]i.  111. 

9  ]).  Ill, 

9  H.  111. 
12  III. 

3  p.  III. 

9  p.  III. 

9  a.  lu, 
12  111. 

3  p,  III. 

9  p.  111. 


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s.  w. 
s.  w. 

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X.  E. 

X.  X.  E. 

X.  X.  E. 

S.  E. 

X. 

X. 

X. 
N. 


0 
3 
3 
3 
4 


Clouds. 


Kiiiil. 


10 
10 

4 

4 

4 

3 

8 

9 
10 

0 

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10 
10 
10 

9 

9 
10 
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10   ! 

8  I 

8  ! 
8 

8  i 

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3 

1  : 

1  . 

0  I 
0  1 

0  i 
0 

0- 

9  I 

1  I 
0  , 
0 
9 


Cir.  iiiiii. .. 
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Cir 

Cir.  ciiiii  .. 
Cir.  ciiiii  . . 
Cir.  si  rat.. 

(.'mil 

Xim 

liaiii 

Xim 

Xiiii.  (Mini. 

Niiii 

Kaiii 

IJaiii 


I 


IJaiii 

Xim 

Niiii 

IJaiii 

Ifaiii 

liain 

Xim 

(.'iini.;  siiiially. 
('mil.  I'ir  ...  '. . 

Xim 

Xim 

Strat 

Cum 

Cum 

Cum 

Clear 

Clear 

Clear 

Clear 

Clear 

Cum 

(^11111 

Clear  

Clear 

Cir.  eiiin 


1 

0 

10  ' 

10  I 

10  ; 

10  I 

10  I 

10  I 

10 

10 

10 

10  1 

10  I 

10 

10 

10 

8 
10 

9 

9 

8 

8 

9 

8 
10 

9 

9 

8 

e 


cir.  Htrr.t... 
Cir.  strat... 

Xim 

Xim 

Xim 

Kaiii 


Eujf 

Haiii 

Euj; 

Cum 

FoK;  rain 

I'liy:;  rain 

Nim 

l''oir:  rain  

Fi.fi;  raiii-.sipialls. 
F«;i;  raiii-.sijiialls. 

Cum 

(Mr.  eum 

Strat  

Strat  

Cum.  strat 

(^uiii.  strut 

(,'iini 

Cum 

Cum.  cir 

Vofi 

Xim 

Strat  

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Detaclied 
tliermometers. 


r- 

t 

p 

ts 

o 

o 

64.  5 

50.  5 

05.  0 

62.  3 

(;2.  0 

02.  0 

09.  0 

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04.0 

02.  5 

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(iO,  5  I 

(i4.  5  1 

04.0  i 

60.5  I 

(;ti.  5 

63.  5 
63.  5 
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53.  5 
44.5 
50.  5 
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50.  0 
5(>.  5 
55.  0 
78.0 
04.  5 
49.0 
5!.  0 
00.  5 
03.  6 
49.  0 
5.1.  5 
03.  0 
02.  0 
,53.  0 

54.  0 


70.0 
52.  0 
.53.  0 
54.  0 

54.  5 
51.0 

52.  0 

55.  0 
55.  0 

53.  0 
50.  0 
50.  5 
52.  0 
50.  0 
51.0 
53.0 
50.0 
58.  0 
,54.  5 
50.  5 
57.  5 
54.0 
59.0 
00.  5 
61.5 
5,5,  0 
57.  5 
,59.  5 
00.0 
54.0 


47.0 
47.5 
47,0 
40.5 
47.5 
55.0 
,54,  5 
43,0 
48,5 
5(1,  5 
53.5 
43.5 
46.5 
53.  0 
51.  5 
48.0 
46.  5 


59.  5 
46,  5 
47.5 
49.0 
49.  5 
48.0 
4l3.  3 
.51,0 
51,  0 
49,0 
47,0 
47.5 
48.0 
47.0 
47. 5 
49.0 
51.0 
49,0 
.50, 0 
51,0 
53, 5 
50.0 
54.  5 
56.0 
50.0 
52.0 
52.5 
54.0 
.54.0 
49.0 


f 


/ 


I 


I',  Ciiiifiiin  Riedcll, 


IKtiiclHil 
tlii'l  liiuiilctrl'.s. 


47.0 
•17.5 
47.0 
40.5 
47.5 
55.0 
54.5 
43.0 
48.5 
51).  a 
53.5 
43.5 
4fi.  5 
53.  0 
:,l.  5 
48.0 
46.5 


59.5 
40.5 
47.5 
49.0 
4!).  5 
4a  0 
4ii.5 
51.0 
51.0 
4!».0 
47.0 
47.5 
48.0 
47.0 
47.5 
49.0 
51.0 
49.0 
50.0 
51.0 
53.  5 
50.0 
54. 5 
56.0 
56.0 
52.0 
52.5 
54.0 
54.0 
49.0 


RECOWAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON'    KIVEK. 


■  Ml ttoriihiiiiciit  itlincrvulioua  <tt  lUihniht  St.  Miiliiur.'i — C'diitiiiiicd, 


101 


( 


Diito. 


1869. 
July     21 


Hour. 


<' 


Auij 


\ 


22 


23 


24 


25 


26 


27 


28 


30 


'.I  it.  III. 
l-J  III. 

3  |i.  III. 

!)  ji.  III. 

!)  a.  111. 
12  III. 

3  ]).  111. 

•I  i>.  III. 

9  a.  III. 
12  III. 

3  \>.  III. 

0  ji.  III. 

!l  a.  III. 
12  III. 

3  ]i.  III. 

U  ]i.  III. 

0  ii.  m. 
12  III. 

3  )).  Ill, 

!l  |i.  III. 

!i  a.  III. 
12  III. 

3  )i.  III. 

9  ]i.  III. 

9  a.  III. 
12  111. 

3  |i.  III. 

9  |i.  III. 

9  a.  111. 

12  HI. 

3  ]i.  111. 

9  p.  111. 

9  a.  111. 
12  111. 

3  i».  111. 

9  p.  III. 

9  a.  111. 
12  III. 

3  II.  III. 

9  |i.  111. 

9  a.  111. 
12  111. 

3  II.  111. 

9  [).  111. 

9  a.  III. 
12  111. 

3  )i.  111. 

9  [1.  111. 

9  a.  111. 
12  111. 

3  )).  III. 

9  II.  III. 

9  a.  111. 
12  111. 

3  \).  HI. 

9  11.  III. 

9  a.  111. 
12  111. 

3  p.  111. 

9  p.  III. 

9  a.  III. 

12  111. 

3  ]i.  III. 
9  p.  III. 
9  a.  111. 

13  111. 

3  p.  III. 

9  ji.  111. 

9  a.  III. 
12  III. 

3  p.  III. 

9  p.  III. 

9  a.  III. 
12  ui. 


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60.  8 
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Strat.  cum 

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Hard  rain 

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Dillr. 

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Ii 
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Ciiiii.  strut 

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Strut,  iiiiii 

Ni'ii.  ruin 

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N'iiii.  :  li;;lit  In;;  , 

Iti  ii-./ly  ruin  

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10 
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Mm 

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Clllll. 

;  Ili 
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cir  . 
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52.  5 

51  i.  5 

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5J.  U 

47.2 

RECONNAIS.^WCK    OF    TIIi:    YUKOX    RlVVAl. 

Meteorological  ohmrvalioiix  at  Hidmilil  SI.  .U/'(7(rt«7V— ('uiitinin  il. 


103 


i 


\ 


(IllllltM. 


tllirillillllrli  In, 


Kiml. 


("mil.  iiini 

Ciiiii 

NlMI 

Sii.ii 

Xiiii 

Slni(.  iiim  . . . . 
StiMl.  cir,  iiini. 
Slr.it.  cir.  iiini 
Sli-.it.  iiiiii  . .. . 

Stmt,  iiiiii 

Stint 

Stmt 

Mm 

.Mill  .  - . .    

!••(,- 

Villi. 
.Villi. 
Niiii. 
St  111  t 


54. 
5h. 
57. 
5:t. 
5:i. 

5ti. 
57. 
.5:i. 

5:i. 

5li. 
5li. 


II 

"  I 

II  I 

■:i 

II 


liiiii  

Clllll    

;  r:lil|.«l|llillls    

iiiiii 

Si  ...I .  iiiiii 

Vim    

Strut,  i.iii 

Cir.  stKit 

( 'ii....  .Htrat   

itiii.  til 

'Mill.  1-ir.  iiiiii.  i   r:iiii  .  . . , 

Clllll.  I'i''.  ;    llull-siillMll.s.  . 

Ciim.  iiiiii 

( 'iiiii.  li'     , 

Ciii.i.  ''ir 

Cum.  rir 

Cum.  iiim. 
Niiii.:   line 
Siiiti'li  mi.st  - .. 
Sciilcli  mist  - . . 

Cum.  Iiim 

('ir.  sir.it.  Iiim 

Cir.  .s|  rat 

Cir.  rum 


linn 
I'liiji  . 


hi.  5 


5(i.  2 
55.  0 


Cum.  iiim 
Cum.  cir  . . 
Cir.  cuiu  .. 


4!i. ;) 
511.  2 
52.  0 


29.  ()(i!l 

"K'ti" 

(iti.5 

.  72.-* 

s.  \V. 

.  7(1(1 

\.  E. 

29.  5:t5 

N.  K. 

.501 

X.  K. 

.415 

X.  K. 

.4f-li 

X.  K. 

211.  (l.-'5 

X. 

.(J82 

X. 

Cir.  cum 

Cir.  cum 

Cir.  cum 

Clcur  .Sivy 

Cir  cum 

Cum.  cir 

Cum.  Iiim. ;  rai 

Sirat. cir 

Strut,  cir 

Strat  

SI  rat '.. 

Strut,  iiiiii   

Siriit.  Iiim   

Str.it.  uiiii 

.Strat.  Iiim 

Cum.  cir 

Cum.  cir 

Cum.  cir 

Cum    

I  'lull.  Iiim 

Cum.  iiiui 

Clllll.  Iiim 

Cum.  uim 

Clear  .sky 

c'lc.ir  .sky 

"um.  cir 

(.'um.  cir  . .    .. . 

Xim.  cum 

Xiiu.  cum.  cir. 


54.  5 

55.  (1 
4.-.  (1 
41'.  (I 
5(1.  0 
4r-.  0 
51.0 
52.  2 
5;i.  0 
54.  0 
52.  5 
51.5 
5f<.  5 
5(i.  5 

51.  5 

54.  0 

55.  0 
55.  0 
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5(1.  0 
51.0 
5(1. :) 
4H.  5 
511. :) 
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58.  0 

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50.0 


o 

40.  n 
5:i  0 

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III.  (I 

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5l..-i 
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lit.  0 
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51.0 
5:i.  0 
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I.-.  0 


tr-.n 

45,  2 
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47.0 

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4.">.  5 


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48.0 

sa  0 

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■'?;.-.«*^«-«r 


104 


RECONNAISSANTCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


Mclcoroloykal  obscrvntioun  at  Redoubt  St.  AfichacVH — ContimuMl. 


Date. 


ih;;». 


I 

I 


15 
IG 

17 

IB 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 

25 


llour. 


S3 
S  » 
a 

M 


".  i" 


;t  ]).  111. 

!l  p.  111. 

<)  a.  111. 
12  111. 

3  I),  in. 

0  p.  III. 

!t  ii.  lu. 
12  III. 

3  p.  in. 

9  J),  ui. 

(•  il.  lu. 
12  111. 

3  p.  in. 

9  p.  111. 

it  a.  111. 

12  HI. 

3  p.  111. 

9  p.  111. 

9  il.  111. 
12  111. 

3  p.  m. 

9  p.  III. 

9  a.  III. 
12  HI. 

3  II.  HI. 

9  p.  III. 

9  a.  111. 
12  HI. 

3  \).  III. 

9  p.  III. 

9  a.  III. 

12  IH. 

3  p.  111. 
9  p.  III. 
9  a.  111. 
12  111. 
3  p.  111. 

9  p.  111. 
9  a.  III. 
12  III. 
3  p.  ni. 
9  p.  HI. 


54.  0 
.-)3.  2 
52.  0 
51.7 
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54.  8 

55.  3 
5ti.  2 

:>f.  0 

(il.  2 
59.  0 
59.  0 
5^0 


29. 
30! 

29!' 

30'. 


834 
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070 
074 
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07() 
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9(Ui 
906 
9(i0 
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29.  739 

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i       .  978 

1  29.  P(i3 

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29.  953 

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Vv'iiul. 


57.0 
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01.  5 

02.  5 

60.  0 
(10.  0 
02.  0 


29.  932 
]  991) 

30.  004 
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29.  9(i0 
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29.  822 

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29.  800 
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.  900 
.908 

29.  900 
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29.  ,52() 

.  .524 

.  520 


29.  879 

.887 

.897 

.  8!13 

29.851 

.  794 

.  789 

.777 

29.717 

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.  094 

.  700 

I  29.702 

1       .  785 

i       .780 

I       .815 

29.  800 

.  809 

I       .893 

!       .  803 

i  29.  780 

I       .741 

I       .  038 


x.w. 

s. 

S.  S.  E. 

s.  w. 

s. 

H. 
S.  S.  E. 

s.  s.  \v. 
s.  s.  w. 
s.  s.  w. 

s. 

X.  X.  E. 
X.  X.  E. 


.  510 

29.415 

.413 

.403 


I 


E.  X.  E. 
E. 

'  's.'  E.' ' 

X.  !•:. 

X.  E. 
X.  10. 
X.  E. 
X.  10. 
X.  10. 
X.  E. 
X.  E. 
X.E. 

X. 

X. 

X. 
S.  E. 

s. 
s. 

s. 

S.  E. 

s. 

X. 

X.  X.  w. 
X.  E. 

X.E. 
X.  X.  E. 


Clouds. 


I      Dftailifd 
tlmriiioiiirturs. 


Kind. 


3 
5 
4 
1 
3 
4c)r5: 
3  1 
3 
3 
2 

3 
3 

4i)r5 


9 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

9 

7 

0 

4 

8 

4 

1 


HI.  cum. . 
nil.  I'liin.. 

im 

iiii 

iiii 

ill! 

ml.  iiini. 
iiiH.  iiiiii. . 

V.   Clllll... 

ir.  I'liiii. ., 
mil.  iiiiii. 
Ir.  cuHi... 
ir 


r 


4 

7 
9 
10 
9 
9 
8 
2 

8 
7 
9 
7 
7 
0 
7 
0 
9 

6 

7 
7 
0 


Cir.  .stiat 

Stiat.  iiiiii 

Xiiii. ;  linlit  iiiist. 

X'iiH. ;  rain 

Stiat.  iiini 

Stint 

Stiat.  fir 

(Mr 

Uuiii.  fir 

(.'iini.  fir 

Clllll.  cir 

Cum 

iiim 

uim 


48.5 
44.0 
40.5 
47.0  ; 
47.7  1 
40.  2  ! 
48.  3  I 
50.0  i 
50.  0  ! 
48.0 
,50.  0  j 
52.  5 
52.0  i 


fir. 
fir. 


Strat. 
St  rat. 
Xiiii  . 
Xitii  . 
Strat. 
Strut. 
Cir.  Htrat  . 

Cir 

Cir 

('iini.  fir  .. 
(Jiuii.  cir. ; 

wind. 
Cum.  nini, 
Clfar  sliy . 
Clear  sky. 
Cir,  film.. 


li;;lit  liatliiiifr 
;  rainsiiualls 


48.0 

52.  0 
53.0 
,50.  0 
,50.  5 

53.  5 
53.5 
49.8 
49.7 
.52.  3 
52.  0 

50.  5 

51.  0 
.54.  5 
54.0 
49.7 
47.5 

52.  5 
51.3 
48.0  i 
51.0  1 
,52.0  I 
52.0  : 

48.  0  I 

50.  0  . 
54.  0  I 

51.  5  I 


42.0 
39.0 
42.0 
43.0 
43.5 
42.0 
44.2 
45.  0 
45.0 
43.  0 
4.5.  0 
47.0 
40,0 


42.  0 
40.  0 
47.0 
44.0 
4(i.  0 
47.  5 
40.5 
4,5.  0 

43.  3 
47.5 
40.5 
40.0 
45.7 
48.7 
48.0 
45.  5 
43.5 
40.3 
4.5.4 
42.  5 
40.0 
40.5 
47.0 

43.0 
4,5.  0 
48.0 
44.5 


^ 


r 


Mi'teorologkdl  observation'^  at  Iledoiibt  St.  MichaeVn — Concluded. 


% 


llmii'. 

Att.  tlu'nn. 

•zfA 

Wind. 

ru,„„iq                !     Dctaclifd 
Llouds.               ^thfimniMftfrH. 

Date. 

1013. 

0 

00.  0 
55.  5 
,57.  (• 
.55.  0 
53.  5 
5,5.  5 
55.  5 
53.5 

1009. 

% 

I 
S 

1 

S 
5 

Kind. 

k 

1809. 
Sept.    20 

9  a.  HI. 
10.5a. HI. 
1 1.5a.m. 
12.5p  III 

1.5p.m. 

2  p.  HI. 

3  p.  Ml. 

4  p.  ni. 

0   ! 

:  29.  030 

.50.5  !      .045 
,58.5  '      .0,53 
55.  5         .  0.52 

29.032' 
.(i44 
.  030 
.  030 
,  038 
.  051 
.050 

X.  X'.  E. 
X.  X.  E. 

X  X.  E. 

X.  X.  E. 
X.  X.  E. 
N.  X.  E. 
X.  X.  E. 
N.  X.  E. 

4 
3 
3 
3 
3 
2 
4 
4 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

Strat.  fir 

Shut,  cir 

Strat.  fir 

Strat.  fir    

o 
47.0 

52.  0 
.52.  5 

5:;.  0 

53.  0 
53.  0 
53.  5 
52.  5 

0 

n.o 

4.5.  0 
4,5.  0 
45.  5 

,54.  2 
50.  5 
57.  0 
54.5 

.  050 
.  0.50 
.  0.59 
.  063 

Strat.  fir 

Strat,  fir 

Cir.  .strat 

Cir.  strat 

45.5 
4,5,5 
4,5,  5 
40,0 

f 


T7,B- 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF   THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


105 


Dctachfd 
uM'iiioini'tors. 


o 

o 

48.5 

42.0 

4J.  0 

3!).  0 

40.  T) 

42.0 

47.0 

4;i.o 

47.7 

4:).  5 

Hi.-i 

42.0 

48.;! 

44.2 

511.0 

45.  0 

50. 0  : 

45.0 

4H.  0 

4'J.  0 

50.  0  1 

45.  0 

-yi.  5 

47.0 

5-2.0 

46.0 

4a  6 

42.  0 

5->.  0 

411.  0 

5H.0 

47.0 

50.  0 

44.0 

50.  5 

4(i.  0 

5:t.  5 

47.  5 

5:).  5 

40.  5 

49.8 

45.  0 

40.7 

4X3 

',-i. ;» 

47.5 

5-J.  0 

40.5 

50.  5 

40.  0 

51.  0 

45.7 

54.  5 

48.7 

54.  0 

48.0 

40.7 

45.  5 

47.5 

43.  5 

52.  5 

40.3 

51.3 

45.4 

48.0 

42.  5 

51.0 

40.0 

52.  0 

40.5 

52.  0 

47.0 

4a  0 

43.0 

50.  0 

45.0 

54.  0 

48.0 

51.  5 

44.5 

Dct.lclRMl 

tlii'iniiiiiii^UTs. 


^ 

j? 

a 

a 

ps 

o 

0 

47.0 

n.o 

.52.  0 

4.-.0 

52.  5 

4.5.  0 

5:'.  0 

4.5.  5 

53.  0 

45.5 

53.  0 

4.5.  5 

53.  5 

45.  5 

52.5 

40.  0 

^ 


{ 


f 


\ 


METEOROLOGICAL  OBSERVATIONS  EN  ROUTE. 

Cistern  baroniftcr  Xo.  1000  ami  tlnTiiioinotiT.s,  liy  .Tanics  Grorn,  X<>\v  VoiU— Anrroid  liaromi^tcr- 
(Jb.scrvufs,  Mr,  J.  J,  Miyor  and  l-iivatii  iliiluul  Foley,  United  .State.s  Army. 


Station. 


Pikniiktalik . 


Coatlik 

Aphoon  Ontlet. 

Yukon  Kiver  . . 


Kiplitliank  of  Yukon, 
near  Andreavsky. 


Eiulit  bank  of  Viilrnn, 

aliove  .Viidrtav.sky. 

Yukon  Itiver .'. 

Kiglit  bank  of  Yukon 


Yukon  Kiver    

Rijibt  bank  of  Vukon 


1800. 
July     4 


July     5 
July     5 

July     0 


July     7 


Yukon  River 


July 
J,.ly 
July 

July 
Jnlv 


July     !) 


Eitrlit  bank  of  Yukon, 
near  Mi,-.sion. 


Yukon  lliver 

Kijilif  bank  (d' Yukon, 
above  ili.ision. 


July     9 


Ytikon  Ri\  or 

Ki^ht  bank  of  Yukon 


Left  bank  of  Yukon, 
nea"  Ainic. 


July 
July 


July 

July 


Jnlv   U 


s 

H 

A,  M. 

/(,  m. 

9  00 

V.  .M. 

4  00 

9  30 

A.  .M. 

9  00 

r.  SI. 

3  II  1 

9  00 

A.  M. 

9  00 

12  M. 

1'.  M. 

3  00 

9  00 

A.  M. 

0  30 

0  30 

7  (;o 

7  (iO 

7  .30 

7  .30 

8  00 

8  00 

P.  .M. 

2  30 

9  00 

A.  M. 

9  00 

12  M. 

r.  M. 

3  00 

0  00 

8  00 

S  15 

H  30 

9  00 

A.  .M. 

9  00 

12  M. 

r.  M. 

3  00 

G  00 

9  00 

9  15 

9  30 

A.  .M. 

9  00 

10  30 

10  45 

U  (.0 

11  15 

12  M. 

V.  M. 

3  Oil 

0  00 

7  15 

7  45 

H  00  j 

8  30  1 

9  00 

1    A.  M. 

9  00 

12  M.  ! 

An. 

An, 

An, 

An, 

An. 
An. 

An. 
An. 

All. 

An. 

1009 

An, 
1009 
An, 
10119 
An, 
1009 
An. 

An. 

An. 

An. 
An. 

An. 
An. 


Tl.erniome- 
ters. 


■3     ! 
I 


57,0 

00.5 

05,  0 

08.0 

08.0 
K).  0 

70.  5 
00.0 

04.5 


I  00.0 

! 
54.  5     55.  0 


53.5 


So.  5 


53.  5     55.  5 

54.  6  '  .50.  0 


IliOO 

49.0  ' 

lOO'.l 

49.0 

lOilO 

48.  5 

ItiOO 

48.0 

An. 

i 

An. 

An. 

An. 

1009 

47,  0 

1009 

40.  0 

1009 

4.5.  5  1 

An. 

1009 

57. 0  ; 

1009 

57.0  , 

1009 

58.  0  \ 

1009 

50.  5 

An. 

An. 

1 

An. 

10119 

.59,  0  ' 

1009 
10119 
1009 
An. 

An. 
An. 


I  .>•>.  5 

I  54,0 

,53,5 


.  I  02.  0 

.;  02.0 
i 

.1  08.0 
.|  02.0 

.1  02.5 
:■  .54.5 
50.  5 
.50.  0 
49.  5 
49.  0 

02.5 


58.  0 
54.  5 
48.  5 
47.0 
47.0 

01.0 
00.  0 
00.  0 
01.0 
00.  5 
74.0 

05.  0 

00.  5 

03.  0 

!  58.  5 

'  .57.0 

I  .50.0 

72.0 

7.5.  0 
72.0 


.2 


ll- 


■3 


29.  810 
.790 
.000 

29.  800 

.  7.55 
.700 

29.  825 
.810 

.800 

.800 

29.  729 

.790 
.  728 
.790 
.  732 
.  800 
.  732 
.800 

.820 

.820 

29.  800 
.800 

.790 
.810 
.  707 
.770 
.772 
.774 

29.  950 
.925 

.910 
.  900 
.841 
.843 
.843 

30.  2.50 

29.  933 
.  930 
,  930 
.  933 

30.  000 

30.  000 
.010 

29.  !)29 
" '.  illil 

.913 
.912 

30.  048 

30.  048 
.040 


Wind. 


X.  X  W. 
X. 


s.  w. 

s. ,-;.  K. 
s. 


S.E. 
S.  E. 
S.  K. 
S.E. 


S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 

S.  K. 

s.  ^y. 

S.E. 
S.E. 

S.E. 

s. 
X.  \r. 
X.  w. 
X.  \v. 
X.  w. 


X.  E. 


X. 
X. 

N. 
X. 
X. 


X.  w. 


I3 

1 

3 


Clouds. 


Kinil. 


4       Cir.  .ttrat.  cum. 

mild. 
0       Cir.  sirat.  cum. 

I      niilil. 
6       Cir.  niiu. 


8    I  Xim. ;  rain. 


Cir.  nini,  emu, 
JiainiiiLr  .sli;ilu,lv: 

nioi. 
Kainini.'  ,ilii;litly; 

nim.  cir.  cum". 


Xim,;       raiiiiu. 
Hli^'htly, 


8  I  Xim, 
8  i  Xim. 
8      Xim, 

Xim, 
8    ;  ^■im. 


3 

5 

4 

0 

4 

^ 

0 

3 

1 

8 

0 

8 

0 

8 

0 

8 

3 

4 

3 

7 

a 

7 

.  0 
.  0 
.    0 

.:  0 
.  0 

■  \  0 

'a! 
.  0  I 


Xim. 
Xim. ; 

Kain'i 

Nim. 

(,'um. 

Cum. 

Cum. 

Cum. 

Cum. 


lC  veiy  liai'cl. 

cir. 
'cir. 
lir, 
cir.  .strat. 

eir,  .strat. 


Xim. ;  rain. 
•Vim, ;  rain, 
Xim, ;  ,si)rinlir| 
Nim, ;  .sprinld'; 


(-'nm,  eir. 

<'Mm.  nirn. 

<'um,  nim. 
7.  5|  Cum.  nim. 
7.  5  ('nm.  nim. 
7    j  Cum. 

7       Cum.  nim. 


Cir. 
Cir. 
V\v. 
Cir. 
Cir. 
Cir. 


^tiat. 
.si  rat. 
.sIrat. 
.si  rat. 
strat. 
.St  rat. 


f'um.  slinl. 
Cum.  strat. 


106 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVEK. 

McUorologku}  ohwrvatium^  en  rod /c— Continued. 


I 


C< 


Stiifiini. 


Yukon  lUvcr 


Aiivir  . . 


1  >;(:!(. 
July    U 

Jnlv   12 


July   12 
July   13 


(Tlicvuionii'li'rin;-.uii, 

{'J'hciindiiiclcvin  mum, 

•.li'..).) 
(Tliii  liuiiuctcviu  suu, 

m°.  0.)  : 


Rivlitli.inkdrYiikiui,     July    11 
iilio\c  Auvif.  I 


r.  ^r. 

h.  in. 
0  (10 

A.  .M. 
i»  00 
1-J  M. 
1'.  JI. 

;i  :u) 

<l  00 
A.  .M. 
0  00 

10  00 

11  00 

n  M. 

1'.  M. 
1-J  30 

I    -J  :io 

. .  I  4  00 

i  4  00 

..!  (1  10 

{  0  (10 

.   1  7  00 

1  9  00 

!   II  00 

A.  M. 

0  00     An. 
i)  00  i  it;o!i 

!>  -.JO  i   lOOO 
0  30     All. 


yul.ou   River  . . . 


.lulv    11 


July    ]■) 


KiLditl kiil'Yukiiu     ,hi!y    Ifi 


Yukon  liiviT      1  .Inly  17 

Kiiilil  liiinU  111' VukdU.  *  -1  uly  IT 
Niitivc  \'illii,^c.         [ 

>'uliito ;  July  18 


■Att.  tlH'vm.  ill  Mill.) 


July  l;i 


An. 

An. 
An. 

An. 
All. 

An. 

icon 

1000 
lOO'J 

An. 

lliOO 
An. 
KiOO 
An. 

ii;oo 

ItlO'.l 
An. 
1(10!) 


ThcniMinu'- ; 

tt'lS. 


V>  .M. 
1'.  -M. 
:i  00 
!)  01) 
A.  M. 
0  00 
1'.  M. 

:<  00 

(i  00 

10  00 

A.  M. 

!t  00 

1'.  M. 

ti.OO  !  An. 

(1  00     An. 
A.  .M, 


An. 

An. 

An. 

An. 

An. 
All. 
An. 

An. 
All. 


!l  0.1 
!•.>  M. 

A.  M. 

n  00 

10  (10 

11  00 
1-J  M. 
1-J  M. 
1'.  M. 

•J  00 

','  :io 

;i  00 

:!  on 

n  (10 

(i  00 
fi  00 
7  (10 
H  (III 
0  00 
0  00 
A.  M. 
H  1,-1 
H  •1.') 
0  'JO 

10  00 

11  :)0 


-I 


(Ul.  0 


30.  000 


Wintl. 


Iv.  W.    i  2 


h 


30.  OKI 

II     ;io.  (100 


71.0 
(il.  0 


.  Ii7.) 
•JO.  ooo 


X. 
N.  W. 

X.  w. 

s.  w. 


(.'IdikI.s. 


Kind. 


1     i  SI  rat. 


I 


(13.  .7  30.03(1  S.  S.  \V.     3 

(il.O      CO.  ,7  -J:).  037  I     S.  \V.       4  i  3 

(ill.  (1    CO.  ri  .  o.'io  ;  S.  S.  \V.    3  i  4 

00.  0     CI.  0  .  05-,>  i  S.  8.  W.  i  3  I  4 


(M.  0 

05:? 


CIO  30.030     S.  S.  W.     3  !  3 

C.7. .")  -Jil.  '.KiO     S.  S.  \V.     -J      3 

(i,7.  .7  30.  07.7  1  S.  S.  W.  ,  4  I  3 

■J!».  IIC7  ! 

. .     CI.  f)  30.  0..0  i     S.  AV. 

(il.  .7       -JO.  013  I 

(il..7      (II.. 7  .0(i7  I     S.  W, 

.7.;,  0  30.07.7  i 

.70.  5    -JO.  it(i7  j 


(.'uni. 

('iiiii.  .strat.  X.  E 
Stial. 

Cum.  cir. 
Ciiiu.  .strat. 
Cuiii.  strat. 
('mil   .strut. 

(juiii.  .strat. 
Cuiii  sirat. 
(!uiii.  strat.  rir. 


a     a     1  Cir.  strat. 


(!-,'.  .7  I  30.  If^O  I . 


,74.  .7    

,7-J.  0      (il.O 

I  71.0 

,  (17.  :i 


An. 
An. 


An. 

ICOi) 
ICOO 
ICO!  I 
An. 

icon 

1(100 
An. 
ico:) 
icoo 
icon 
An. 
ICOO 
IliOO 
An. 
ICO!) 

1(109 
An. 

icon 

ICO!) 
IliO!) 


.  >  (17.  0 

i  (14.  0 

.  I  07.  5 

.!  (17.0 

.  i  (17.  (I  I 

. '  (11.0  i 


CO.  .7 
(If.  0 

C3.  0 
C.7.  0 

CO.  0 
(i'J.  0 


....  '  G3.  0 

(12.0  i  (14.0 

(l-J.  0  I  (14.0 

(i-J.  0  '  0,7.0 


(10.  0  i  (13.  0 
(iO.  5  I  (13.0 

i  (13.  5 

(10.  5  \ 

5!).  0  '  01.5 


.70.  5 


I'J  .M.  I  Au. 


(id.  5 


58.  5 
5(i.  0 

55.  5 

(10.  0 
,70.  0 
58.  0 



73,  5 

74.0 

•■r.'o' 

71.0 
OH.  5 

'■7'Vo 
70.  0 
71.0 
70.0 

.0:11 
.  OCO 

.  lIMi 
.  175 

.  1.70 
.  1-JO 

30.  175 

.  -JOO 
.'JIO 
.'217 

30.  'JdO 
.250 

.  tioo 

.  1110 

30.  OfO 
.  110 


30.  0(10 

•JO.  i).-li 

.  0H5 

.  074 

30.  OHO 

•J!).  0.74 

.  035 

30.0.70 

•JO.  033 

.013 

.010 

30.010 

•JO.  007 

.  007 

30.010 

'JO.  HUH 

2!).  il53 
30.  0(10 
2!).  027 
.  00!) 
.  fM 
30.  010 


S.K. 

3. 
.  H. 

S. 


S. 
S. 

s. 

s. 
s. 

s. 
s. 

s. 
s. 


.;    0 

i! 

I  3 
1  ^ 

I  4 

! 

)  4 
3 

I  2 

j  o 

i} 

j       ~ 

'  3 
o 

1 


Cir.  rttrat. 
Strat. 


S.  S.  E. 
S.  S.  K. 

s  !•;. 

S.E. 


S.  E, 
S.  E. 
S.  E. 

S.E. 
S.  E. 

S.  E. 

S. 


s. 

s. 

s. 
s. 
s. 


8  \  N'ini.  cir.  strat. 

8  j  Niiii.  cir.  strat. 

0  1  Xiiii.  cir.  strat. 

b  !   Niui.  cir.  .strat. 

8  i   Niin.  strat. 

7.5  Xiiii.  htrat. 

8  >."ini. ;  rain. 

8  '  Niiii. 

0  '  N 1111.  cum. 

4  I  N'iiu.  sirat. 

8  Xini. 

8  NiiH. 

8  '  Niin. 

b  Niiii. 

8  Xiin. 

'8  Niiii. 


Cum.  iiini. 
7  \  (Juin.  iiiiu. 
7  '  Ciiiii.  iiiiii. 
7     '  Ciiiii.  iiini. 


Cum.  iiiin. 
7  i  Cum.  nini. 
7     '  (/iini.  niiii.  strat. 

7  '  Cum.  iiiiii.  sirat. 

8  i  (Jiiiii.  iiiin.  Klnit. 

5    i  Cum.  cir.  strut, 
(.'ir.  cum. 


Cir.  cum. 

4  ("ir.  ciiui. 

4  Cir.  ciiiii. 

4  Cir.  cum. 

4  Cir,  cum. 


11. 

Ml 

strat. 

N.I; 

III. 

rir. 

111. 

.si  rat. 

111. 

strat. 

Ill 

.strat. 

III. 

.strat. 

Ill 

strat. 

111 

strat. 

cir. 

HI.  cir.  strat. 

III.  I'ir.  strat. 
111.  cir.  stmt. 
111.  cir.  .strat. 


111. 

111. 

cinii. 

111. 

SI  rat. 

111. 

III. 

iP. 

111. 

K 

111. 

111. 

nil. 

iiiiu. 

nil. 

IIIIU. 

nil. 

iiiiii. 

nil. 

mm. 

nil 

IlilU. 

nil 

null. 

nil 

aim.  strat 

nil 

iiiiii.  si  rat 

nil 

iiiiii.  strat 

mil.  cir.  strat. 


EECONXAISSAXCE    OF    THE    YrKOX    KIVER. 

Mctcoroloyical  ohwrni  lions  en  roiiU—Citutlmui]. 


107 


Station. 


Tlicrtnoiiio- !     3 
tcr.s.  £ 


Yukon  KiviT 


Snlcailcidiitiii. 


P.  >r. 

1-  m. 

July    li»       ;t  (II) 

<     <l  II  I 

■     A.  M. 

■flllv    -JO         (I   (II) 


lii^lit  !iaiil»  (it  Viikdii      .jiiiy    .ji)      |.j  ,1 

I'.  M. 


Viikiiii  Uivcr 

Kiiliit  !iank  iit  Vukmi 
Viikdii  l;ivcr 


Piislit  hank  III' Viikuii. 

X.'liivc  \'illy:.;c. 
Viikiiii  l;i\  cr 


Piirt  .Vilaiiis 

St.-itiiin  alidiit  ;iO  IVct 
above  vivcr. 


.fMl\-  v!ii  :i  III) 
•inly  -Jil  i;  11(1 
■  Inly   -Ji)       I)  III) 

A.  M. 
.Inly   v:l        !l  (III 

l-^  .M. 


-An. 
Am. 

\u. 

An. 
All. 
.\ii. 

.\n. 
All. 


Wind. 


Cliiiids. 


M 


7.S.  (1  ijn.  nsm 

(w.  0  .ill)!) 

'fi.  0  '  2!).  !)d7 

81.0  i  .0:J.') 

'r-i.O  I  .870 

70.  .'i  :  .  Hil) 

()7.  (I  ,  .  ^o() 


JCiiid. 


X. 

s.  \v. 

S.  \Y. 
S.  \V. 

s.  \v, 

.s.  W. 


1 7.";.  I)  ;  t>!).  ,-',-iii 

4.0       .s-s> 


•rilly  -21 

July  -J-J 

-Tilly  22 

July  2:i 


.\n. 

.\ii. 

I 
An.   I. 

An.   |. 

IlilMI 
lliUl) 

ICIi!) 

Illfll) 
IIHI!) 
l(M);i 

ii;ii;i 

llilMI  ' 

ii;ii!i 

Hill!)  I 

ii;i)!i  ! 

mil!)  ' 

iiiiiii  ; 
iiidii 


^'(lklln  Uivcr 


•Idly  -,'1 
July  2.-1 


[  r.  M. 
:)  (111 

C  III) 
.\.    M. 

II  lid 

1'.  M. 
H  (Id 

I  fi  (Id 
fi  III) 
f  (Id 

!)  01) 
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S  III) 

II  :id 

11  III) 
I',  y.. 

2  I'd 

3  (Id 
■1  00 
.'■)  (Id 

(i  0(1 

7  d  I 

H  00 

!l  00 

V.  M. 

:t  III) 

A.    .M. 

II  III) 

12  M. 
A.    .M. 

II  III) 
Yiik.iii  iMvcr I  .July   2(1       i  (id 

,    ..  ,  '  •'  iio 

I.cit   bank  ci  Viikmi     .lnh-  2(1       d  do 

Vukoii  Jiivcr in|y   -j-.      i-j  m. 

r.  M. 

.)  (Id     .\ii. 

I 

fi  (Id     An. 
A.  >i. 
Julv   2s       l»  dil     An. 

V.    .M.  , 

I     4  00  I  All. 

A.   M.  i 
July   211       II  00      An. 

!    (i  «  ;  An. 

I  A.  M.  I 
July  :ifl       0  (Id  !  An. 
r.  M. 

:    1  Od  I  An. 

i    3  (10  i  All. 

I  A.  .M.   I 
July  ,T1  I    !l  00     .\n. 

I   1'.   M. 

I  12  ;iO     An. 


7(i.  5 
0!).  0 


."14. 
.'ilJ. 

47. 

4-i. 

i;o. 

5f. 
58. 


.  ,-00 
2t».  740 


lia  0  '  21).  710 


,1(>.  0 
Xi.  0 


.-)0. 


Kifjlit  liiuikdf  Viikdii.    .Julv  2(1 


.\ii. 

All. 
All. 

All. 

All. 
An.   i 
An. 
.\ii. 


(I  4'l.  I) 

d  ."il.d 

(I  111.  II 

0  llli.  0 

0  i  all.  d 

0  i  till.  I) 

d  j  (10.0 

0  i  5!).  0  : 

0  '  .'.7.0  I 

II  XI  I) 

0  ,11. 0  : 


(15.  5 

(12.  0 
71.0 


i  .  700 

■  .  (1110 

I  .  5!l!l 

I  .  55,'J 

I      .  5(jO 

20. 1120  ! 
.  (lV>s    . 

.  I '22  : 

.1120  , 
.  5110  ! 

. .-.::)  I 

..■|74  ' 

.  .-,11(1  ' 

.~M  ' 

..".04  , 
.  ."i:!  I 

2d.  7dd 

2!>.  7-0 


!S.  S.  W. 

s.  \v: 

S.  K. 

s.  !•:. 

S.  E. 

s.  w. 
s.  \v. 

.s.  w. 

s.  w. 
s.  w. 
s.  w. 
s.  \v. 
s.  \v. 
s.  w. 
s.  w. 
s.  w. 


I    li 


0      I! 
0      4 


'  (.'(ini.  iiiiii. 
Nini.ciiiii,  strat. 

N'iiii.  ciiiii.  slrat. 
Cum.  cir.  strat. 

'  C'liiii.  cir.  strat. 
('mil.  cir.  sirat. 
(  11111.  iiiiii.  .strat. 

Cir.  cum. 
( 'mil.  iiiiii.;  siir'k 
lin-. 

Cum.  cir.  strut. 
Cmii.  cir.  strat. 


HI)     ,  Cum,  cii.  niiii. 


7  :  8 

:i  '  8 
a  '  8 

ijs 

2  I  4 

1  4 

I  '  4 

I 

1  4 

i  I 

1  I 

1  4 

I  1 

1  1 

1  5 

1  .  ;t 


;  Xiiii.;  r.iiii. 
I   Xiiii. 

Xiin. 

-Vim.;  rain. 

Cum. 
Cir.  cum. 
Cir.  111,11. 

Cir.  c  nu. 
( 'ir.  emu. 
Cir.  CIIIII. 
( 'it.  cum. 
Cir.  ciiiii. 
Cir.  cum. 
Cir.  cum. 
Cir.  ciiiii. 


S.  S,  \V. 


i  1  '  4       Cir.  cum. 


:i  I  7.5 
0      (1 


Cir.  cum,  strat. 
Cii'.  cum.  hiral. 


(111.5     2:MI!M)     AV.  .-^.W,    2  '  H       Cir.  cum.  strat. 


I 


ill.O 
(It.  0 
.55,  .5 
(1(1,  0 

.  Ii,",ll 

.  !I25 

20. 11.511 

;!d.  020 

W.  S.W, 
\V..s.\V. 

s.  \v.' 

;i 
:t 

0 

a 

4 

.5 

11 

!  4 

Cir.  cum.  sIrat. 
Cir.  cum.  sir.il. 
Cir.  cum.  strat. 
Cir.  strat. 

(10,  0 

.  Olio 

s.  w. 

a 

4 

Cir.  iiiiii.:  Hjiriiik 

(1,-.  0 

211.  |i-d 

s. 

1 

a 

liiiM. 
Civ.  ciiiii. 

(14,  0 

lid.  11(10 



0 

2 

Ciilii. 

(18.  0 

.  OHO 

s.  w. 

I 

* 

,  Cinii.  strat. 

(14,  5 

2!>.  ,-25 

S.  -NV. 

1 

(! 

Nim. 

(15.  5 

,  (150 

0 

8 

Nini. 

()4.  n 

20,  4lli 

\.  K. 

o 

2 

Cir.  strat. 

(18  0 

7a.  0 

.410 

.  aiio 

N.K.     ! 
X.IC.    1 

o 

Cir.  .stiat. 
Ciiiii. 

71.0 

20.  35  1 

1 
1 

0 

8 

(  iiiii.  iiini. 

7.5.  0 

.  H50 

0  , 

G 

Cir,  strat. 

108 


RECONNAIS.SANCE    OF   THE    YUKON    RIVER. 


?   i 


Meteorological  ohserrations  eii  route — Continued. 


i    I 


Tbonnoine- 
tci'.i. 

i 

s  . 

Wind 

Cloutla. 

Station. 

i 

J 

•:3 

d 

M» 

o 

■♦J 

o 

i; 

g 

1 

1 

a 

s 

Kind. 

=s 

o 

V 

3 

» 

H 

=H 

<? 

a 

« 

s 



< 

A.  M. 

1809. 

ft.    m. 

0 

0 

Kort  Adiiiiia 

Sept.    4 

8  00 

9  00 

1609 

i*;ii9 

.'>1. .') 
,51.. J 

52.0 
52.  0 

29.413 
.419 

>r.E. 

N.E. 

1 

1 

G 

7 

Niin.  rir.  stmt. 

Niiii.  cir.  strat. 

11  00 

ll'iOO 

fi'.i.  5 

54.  0 

.400 

N.  E. 

1 

8 

Xiin. 

12  -M. 

ItiOO 

53.  5     54.  5 

.470 

K.  E. 

1 

8 

Nim.;  rain. 

1'.   M. 

2  00 

1f>09 

SZ  0     54.  0 

.478 

X.  E. 

1 

8 

Nim.;  rain. 

:»  00 

ii;o9 

51.  0     .52.  5 

.4rt2 

N.  E. 

1 

8 

Niiii.;  rain. 

4  00 

ii;o9 

50.5     52.0 

.  45*2 

N.E. 

1 

8 

Xiiii.;  raiu. 

Niilato 

Sopt.    8 

2  :io 

2  4.-1 

1009 
KiOO 

51.  5      .52.  5 

29.  7!)5 

.7^4 

S. 
S. 

3 
3 

50.5 

53.0 

'  Cir.  cum. 

-- n 


ilETEOROLOGICAL  OBSERVATIONS  AT  FORT  YUKON. 

Ci.stt'in  barniiK  trr  Xd.  1009,  and  tliiTnioiiiffiT,  hv  .Tamos  firorii,  Xt'W  Y(iil< — Ob.siTvcis,  irr.  J.  J.  Major 
and  I'rivatf  ^liiliai'l  Fulcy,  United  Stati'.s  Ainiy. 


'    I 


•r-3 

TIIKUMOMETEKS. 

i    ' 

s  ^ 

Wind. 

Clduds. 

ruder  cov-  i  Open 

s5 

Date. 

Time. 

er.               air. 

t-r 

r'3 
—  2 

s 

s 

=  ■5^^       r 

« 

s 

Kind. 

•*j 

tl      i' 

."^   '     3 

BcP.       .t 

^ 

a 
< 

•< 

e     a 

1 

s 

I— (             ,^ 

^ 

1869. 

/) .   )i>. 

0 

o 

Auj;.    3 

9  00  a.  111. 

62.  0     65.  0 



....    29.011 

28.910 

0 

8 

Xini.  ;  rain. 

3  (10  ]).  III. 
0  110  |i.  III. 

(i.5.  0      68.  5 

28.971 
.  963 

.  862 

0 

1 

8 
7 

Xiiii. 

64.0 

68-0 

.  8.57  i  S.  E. 

-Villi. ;  rain  at  interval.^ 

Aug.   4 

10  (Ida.  ni. 

00.  0 

63,0    .... 

21).  0-Jt' 

28.  9-J4    X.  W. 

2 

8 

Niiii. 

2  00  I),  m. 

60.0  '  63-0 

. . . . 

.  024 

.9-J8    X.  W. 

2 

8 

Xliii. 

7  00  )i.  m. 

00.0 

6:i.  0 

, . . . 

28.  996 

.  900    X.  W. 

3 

8 

Xiiii. 

Aug.    5 

10  00  a.  111. 

(>>>.  0 

63,  0 

29.  004 

28.  908    .\.  \Y. 

2 

8 

Xiiii. 

12  00  111. 
3  00  II.  111. 

.5',!.  0 
Ii3.  0 

64-  0 
67-0 

.064 
.077 

.971       W. 
.974  1    W. 

1 
1 

6 
4 

Cum.  nini. 

4  00  j).  111. 

72.  0 

(i-  5 

....'       .089 

.9(i2  !    W. 

1 

4 

Ciiiii. 

6  00  p.  ni. 

62.0  i  67-0 

....|      .074 

.973  : 

0 

3 

Cum.  stiat. 

Aug.   6 

9  0(»a.  ni. 

.59.0  :  62-0    .... 

....1  29.1.55 

29.  062 

...... 

0 

7.5 

(!iim.  stiat. 

11  00  a.  111. 
3  3ll  p.  111. 

00.  0  '  64-0 
64.0      69-5 

.106 
.181 

.070 

0 

9 

5 
5 

Ciiiu.  stiat. 

Aug.   7 

0  4.5  a.  III. 

.57.  5  ,  60.  5  1 

....    29. 332 

29.  259 

N.  ,\^. 

2 

7 

Cum.  iiiiii.  strat. 

7  00  a.  111. 

57.  5  '  ()().  5  1 

.  333 

.243    X  \V. 

o 

7 

Ciiiii.  iiiii:.  .stiat. 

7  30  a.  111. 

.59.0      (i2-0 

.340 

.246  |X.  W. 

o 

7 

Cum.  iiiiii.  strat. 

8  00  a.  ni. 

.59,  5      6-J.  5 

.341 

.  245      W. 

5 

Cum.  sli  a(. 

8  30  a.  III. 

.59.0      62-0 

.  ,3.53 

.  259      W. 

5 

Cauxi.  Hirat. 

9  00  a.  111. 

.59.  0      (i-i.  0 

.... 

.  3.53 

.  2.5!l       \V. 

5 

Cum.  strat. 

12  00  III. 

00.0      63-0  1.... 

.  3-26 

.  229      ]•:. 

f 

Cir.  emu. 

2  0  )  ]).  111. 

<i4.  5      6>.  0    .... 

.... 

.  312 

.203    S.  W. 

C!ir.  euiii. 

3  (Ml  p    III. 

64.0      67-5    

.  300 

.  192  ; 

0 

4 

Cir.  eiiiii. 

4  00  p.  III. 

5  (1(1  )i.  III. 
(i  00  ]i.  111. 
7  00  p.  III. 
9  00  a.  III. 

65.  0      67-  0 
6,8.  0      67.  0 
6(i.  0      67'  0 
61.  0      67'  0 
.58.(1      61-0 

.274 
.216 
.206 
.254 
29.  339 

.164  1 

.008  ; 

0 
0 
0 
0 
1 

4 
4 
4 
4 

:i 

(vir.  eiiiu. 

( 'ir.  euiii. 

.  1.53 

.146 

29.  247 

'"s." 

Cir.  euiii. 

Ang.    8 

I.i'ilit  (leeev  elcuids. 

Aug.   9 

10  00...  111. 

01.  0 

6.5-0  ' 



29.  ,501 

29.  401  1  S.  \V. 

1 

5 

Cir.  strat. 

11   0(1  a.  111. 

02.  0 

66-0  i.... 



.  ,501 

.  399     S.  W- 

1 

4 

('ir.  sliat. 

3  00  p.  HI. 

67.  5 

73-0    .... 

.  495 

.  378  i  X.  IC. 

1 

4 

Cir.  sir.Mt. 

4  00  p.  III. 

72.  5 

73-0 

.494 

.  3(i4  1  X.  E. 

1 

3 

Cir.  si  rat. 

8  00  p.  111. 

1  66.0 

71-0 

.488 

.375  1 

0 

2 

Cir.  str.it. 

Aug.  10 

8  00  a.  III. 

!  58.0 

(i2  0 



29.  510 

29.  418 

N. 

1 

1 

Cir.  strat.:  light  and  fleenv. 

9  30  a.  111. 

,  60.5 

04-  0 

.  514 

.416 

N. 

2 

1 

Cir.  strat.;  liglitaiid  fleecy. 

Aug.  11 

11  00  a.  Ill 

60.0 

64-0 

.... 

29.  .5,50 

29.  453 

X. 

2 

5 

Cir  stiat. 

Aug.  12 

11  no  a.  111. 

('0.  0      64'  0 



20.  ,575 

29.478  1 

0 

1 

Cum. 

12  00  m. 
3  00  p.  III. 

01.0      6.5-0 
64.0      70-0 

.5(i4 

.  ,563 

.  464      W. 
.  4.55      AV. 

1 
1 

0 
3 

Cum. 

6  00  II.  m. 

1  65.0 

;  73-0 

.... 

.SUU 

1       .420 

1  w. 

1 

3 

Cum. 

/ 


MMMM 


iiiimi 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER.  109 

Meteorological  obserrafwm  at  Fort  r;//.***/— C'oiitiimcd. 


nil.  cir.  Htrat. 

iiii.  cir.  stmt. 

ini. 

iiii.;  raiD. 


'SJr.  J.  J.  Major 


rlit  iiiid  floeny. 
;litaiul  tluecy. 


i     tl 

TllEUMOMKTKU. 

1     ff 

r   « 

"W'intl. 

Clouils. 

Uudcr  cov-  ;    open 
or.         i     air. 

Date. 

Tinio. 

t-  ^ 

■.-r 

z  C 

!!=-■ 

•^ 

© 

*j 

Kiiiil. 

1 

0 

1 

*       o 

IS-i 

c 

B 
< 

1809. 

h.  111. 

^ 

0       |o 

Aug.  13 

it  0(1  a.  HI. 

00.  0 

03.0    .... 

20.  550 

29.  459 

W. 

1 

3 

( 'llIU. 

11  00  a.  ui. 

(il.O 

0.")..')  i.... 

552 

.  4.52 

0     1 

(^iiiii. 

V2  00  111. 

(i2.  0 

07.0    .... 

,551 

.  44it 

"s." 

1  i  1 

('mil. 

1   00  1).  III. 

ti4.0 

00.0    .... 

540 

.  43H 

s. 

1  i  1 

('iiiii. 

2  00  IP.  III. 

Vi'i.  0 

71.0    .... 

.530 

.  42(i 

s. 

1 

I'liiii. 

3  (0  11.  III. 

on.  0 

72.0    .... 

.530 

.  420 

s. 

{ 'mil. 

4  00  ]..  III. 

(i7.  0 

74.(1  '.... 

.530 

.421 

I 

( 'mil. 

4  l.">  ji.  III. 

fi7.  0 

7.'..  0 

532 

.417 

s. 

1  'UMl. 

T)  00  11.  Ml. 

07.  0 

74.0    .... 

.524 

.409 

H. 

( 'mil. 

C  00  p.  III. 

07.0 

74.0    .... 

.52(i 

.411 

S. 

('mil. 

7  00  1),  III. 

00.  0 

72.0    .... 

,530 

.  423 

S. 

1    1 

(-'mil. 

H  00  p.  111. 

0,").  0 

70.0    .... 



,520 

.  410 

s. 

1  i  1 

('mil. 

n  ;!()]).  111. 

03.  0 

07.0    

, 

,520 

.421 

H. 

1    1 

Cum. 

Aug.  14 

It  30  a.  III. 

10  00  a.  III. 

1 1  00  a.  m. 

01.0 
02.  0 
02.  0 

0.").-)    .... 
(i,"). ,")  ■■ 

29 

,540 
544 
531 

29.  440 
.  4  12 
.  432 





0 
0 
0 

05.0    

i-2  00  in. 

04.  0 

08.0  '   .. 

.534 

.  420 

0 

0 

1  (10  p.  III. 

0").  0 

71.0  ;.... 

534 

.  424 

's.'\v. 

1 

rum. 

•J  00  p.  III. 

07.0 

73.5    .... 

■542 

.  427 

S.  W.;     1 

1 

Cum. 

3  (10  p.  in. 

07.0 

73.5    .... 

540 

.  425 

0 

0 

4  00  J).  111. 

07.  ■> 

7.5.0  |.... 

,538 

.421 

0 

0 

5  00  p.  III. 

Oit.O 

75.0  1.... 

.530 

.415 

0 

0 

(i  0(1  p.  111. 

(iao 

75.0  '.... 

534 

.410 

1    0 

0 

7  00  ]).  III. 

0(1.  0 

72.0  1.... 

52li 

.413 

0 

s  00  p.  III. 

0.").  0 

70.0  1... 

,530 

.  420 

0 

0  00  p.  111. 

or).  0 

70.  0  ' . . . . 

510 

.  40(i 

s,'^\^    1 

1 

CiiMi,  ;  liuht  anil  tin 

cy- 

Aug.  Ij 

i>  30  a.  111. 

02.5 

Gti.O  '.... 

29 

(i03 

29.  499 

\y.  i   1    1 

Cii'.  sivai. 

10  30  a.  111. 

04.  0 

07.  0  ! . . . . 

004 

.  550 

AV.   1     1 

("ir,  ,>*liiit. 

11   00  a.  HI. 

04.  0 

07.  0    70.  0 

5l't.'7 

002 

.  554 

V,'.   j     1 

Cir.  .sliat. 

li!  4.")  p.  111. 

on.  0 

71.0  ,7!l.  0  03.0 

004 

.  554 

^v.  \   1 

Cir.  si  rat. 

y  (10  p.  111. 

0().  0 

73.0    84.0  02.5 

005 

.  492 

V,-.   1    1 

Cir.  strat. 

3  (10  |).  111. 

08.  0 

7.5.0  '82.5  04.0 

58(; 

.  408 

w.  !  1 

Cir.  .St lilt. 

4  00  p.  111. 

OH.  0 

7.5.  0    82.  0  02.  5 

5H4 

.  400 

\Y.   '     1 

Cir.  .stiat. 

i>  00  p.  111. 

0.-.  0 

7.5.0    HI.  5  02.  5 

.570 

.  4.58 

w.  ;   1    1 

Cir,  , si  rat. 

(i  0(1  p.  III. 

(W.  0 

7.5.0    81.5  03.5 

,57(i 

.  4.5« 

^\'.     11 

Cir,  strut. 

7  00  p.  III. 

07.0 

72.  5  ,72.  (1 ,50.  0 

,570 

.401 

W.        11 

Cir,  sliat. 

8  0(t  p.  111. 

07.0 

71.0  ,0(i.  5  57.  3 

57(i 

.401 

A\'.   ill 

Cir.  si  rat. 

Aug.  10 

1)  00  a.  III. 

01.0 

04.4    .50.8  5.5.0 

2!) 

004 

29.  504 

■\V.    ]     1 

5 

Cum. 

10  00  a.  111. 

(i3.  0 

0().  4    07.  8  ,50.  2 

(i04 

.  .5.59 

S.K.I     1 

3 

Ciii'i.  cir.  strat. 

11  00  a.  111. 

Ii4.  (t 

(iO.  4    71.  101.4 

000 

.  498 

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r 


no 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF    THE    YUKON    RIVER. 

Mckorologkal  ohnnrrdHoiiH  at  Fort  Yukon — Cmitimicil 


Date. 


1809. 
AuL'.  IS 


Auii.  1!) 


Aug.  20 


An.'.  21 


All''.  22 


Aug.  23 


Au''.  21 ! 


m. 

00  p.  ni 
( 0  p.  ni 
00  p.  Ml 
(Ml  a.  Ill 
00  a.  Ill 
;U)  a.  Ill 
(0  a.  ni 
00  III. 
00  p.  la 
00  p.  Ill 
00  p.  Ill 
00  II.  Ill 
00  |).  Ill 
00  |).  Ill 
00  p.  Ill 
00  p.  Ill 
00  a.  in 
00  n.  Ill 
00  II.  Ml 

00  a.  Ill 
00  III. 
00  p. in 
00  p.  Ill 

OU  p.  Ml 
00  p.  Ml 
00  p.  Ill 
OU  p.  Ill 
00  p.  Ill 
00  p.  Ill 
00  a.  Ill 
00  a.  ni 
00  a.  Ml 
00  III. 
00  p.  Ml. 
00  p.  III. 
00  p. in 

:tii  p.  Ill 

00  p.  Ill 
00  ]i.  Ill 
00  p.  Ill 
00  p.  Ill 

:i(i  a.  Ill 
00  a.  in 
00  ni. 
00  p. in 

00  p.  Ml 

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(0  p.  Ill 
0  I  p.  Ill 

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00  p.  Ill 
00  p.  Ml. 

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00  iV.  Ill 
00  U.  Ill 

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00  a.  Ill 

00  !ll. 

00  p.  Ill 
00  p.  Ill 
0  I  )i.  Ill 
1.0  )).  Ill 
0  1  |i.  Ill 

1:0  )l.  Ill 

00  a.  in 
00  a.  Ill, 
00  a.  Ill 
00  111. 
to  1).  Ill 
00  ]).  Ill 

;io  p.  Ill 

00  p.  Ill 
00  p.  ni 


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J 

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tr. 

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1 

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cir.  strat. 

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7h.  7  72.  7 

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s.w. 

2 

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cir.  .strat. 

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.  1(70 

s.w. 

3 

7 

('mil. 

cir.  strat. 

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cir.  str.'it. 

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01.  7  71.7 

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s.  w. 

1 

0 

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cir.  strat. 

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0|.1.7;).0 

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s.w. 

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cir.  sirat. 

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s.  w. 

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cir.  sunt. 

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s.w. 

2 

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cir.  strat. 

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01. 0  :  07. 0 

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s.w. 

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4 

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fir.  strat. 

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s.w. 

1 

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cir.  strat. 

01.  0      (il.O 

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s.w. 

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cir.  strat. 

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s.w. 

k) 

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cir,  strat. 

01.0    (i;i.  0 

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s.w. 

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cir.  slrat. 

01.0    (i:t.  0 

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s.w. 

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cir.  strat. 

01.  0  ■  (i.7.  0 

02,  7  .7;i.  7 

.  (127 

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s.w. 

2 

5 

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cir.  strat. 

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0.7.  7  .70.  2 

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s.w. 

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5 

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s.w. 

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5 

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s.w. 

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() 

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cir.  strat. 

7(i.  0      (ill.  0 

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s.w. 

0 

4 

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cir.  strat. 

0.7.  0      (/7.  0 

7h.  2  72.  0 

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.  .707 

s.w. 

2 

4 

(.;mii. 

cir.  slrat. 

01.0  :  (i.7. 0 

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.  017 

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s.w. 

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cir.  strat. 

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10.  7  17.  0 

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29.  075 

s.w. 

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fir.  strat. 

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0 

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cir.  strat. 

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s.w. 

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s.w. 

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s.w. 

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cir.  strut. 

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s.w. 

1 

4 

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cir.  strut. 

0.7.  0  !  OH.  0 

72.  0  70.  0 

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s.w. 

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cir.  strat. 

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fir.  strat. 

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fir.  stiat. 

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1 

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cir.  strut. 

( 


Ihitv 


180!). 


Au-.ao 


A  ii;;.  id 


Aixs.  37 


RECONNAISSAXCK    OF    TIIK    YUKON    KIVKR.  Ill 

lfetfOi'oUi;ii<'iil  ohxirrdliiHix  <il  fort   ]'iiknit — C'outiiiiifd. 


Wind. 

a 

s 

s. 

1 

X. 

1 

X. 

1 

0 

X.  K. 

1 

0 

s. 

1 

0 

s. 

1 

s.w. 

1 

s.  \v. 

1 

s.w. 

1 

s.w. 

1 

0 

x.w. 

o 

N.W. 

A 

x.w. 

it 

x.w. 

t» 

x.w. 

3 

('IoU(l8. 


Kiiiil 


Cuiii.  cir.  slrat. 
Ciiiii.  fir.  stiiit. 
Cum.  fir.  strut. 
Niiii.  I'uiii. 
("ir.  iiiiu. 


Xitii.  f  mil. 

tiiiii. 
Ciiiii.  fir.  I 
(li 
Cir. 
I'ir. 
Cir. 
Cir. 
Cir. 
.\im. 

Mm.:   li-lit 
< 'mil.  iiiiii. 
Ciiiii.  liiiii. 
Xim. 


-tiat.fii-.;    lidit 


film, 
fiiiii. 
'iim. 
film, 
film. 
,  <-iiiii. 


01i!Si:ia"ATl()NS  OK  MIM.MrM  TKMl'F.KATI'Hi;  OllMXi;  TllK  XKillT 
.Spirit  tlifniioniftfr,  liMviiiii  ii  stfcl  imlrx  williiii  tlif  tiilic. 


\) 


J>atf 


AiiL'iist  10.  l-iiO. 

Aiimist  -Jil,  l^'l'). 

.\uUU.st  ±i.  |-ll!l. 

Aii,LCii.-<t  '£1  1-fil). 


Date. 


Z  H, 

r 

Zs 

r.  -w 

J 

m 

•^  '^ 

o 

jH 

0 

O 

41. n 

lili.d 

4:!. .-. 

4-1  0 

■i-:.  1 

4(1.  II 

4->.  4 

4(».  ',1 

All-list  -31.  l-TiO. 

.\imiist  -J."'.  im;m. 

.\ii'.;iist  -M.  i-liO. 
Alijjil.st  -JT,  IftJit. 


0 

0 

30.  2 

;i4.9 

40.  0 

44.4 

4^(1 

40.  :j 

44. ,-) 

4;t.  0 

-  I  fl  .w»»' 


112 


Xo.  j    Date,  1869. 


1 
3 
3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

IC 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 


Aiijiust  :i 
Au^iiist  :i 

August  .1 

Auuiist  ."> 

Aii;;ii.st  <i 

Aujiiist  7 

August  7 

AuKiist  7 

Aiifiiist  8 

Ailfrii.st  !) 

Aiiiriist  \-i 

All-list  l-J 
All-list  i:i 
All-list  Ci 
Aii-iisi  l:! 
Aiiyiist  11 
All;ilist  It 
Aii':iist  II 
All-list  l.") 
Allitiist   l(! 

All-list  Hi 

Aii-i;st  Hi 
MciiiKS  .  . 


RECONNAISSANCE    OF   THE    YUKON 


ALTITUDE  OF  FORT  YUKON. 


Hour. 


Cuinijutiitioudf  A  !();{        .     Set  A 


A  lo''  h 


A  loii  n 


• 

A 

'^^^ 

0 

(t  11.  111. 

2r<lH.3 

87;'4n.  1 

.'i74^^^ 

\\\^^ 

3  p.  III. 

2-133.  t! 

27791).  -) 

(137.3    ~ 

Ji.  u 

IJ  111. 

2-33H.  9 

27^9.-..  3 

443.  (i 

55.  0 

:i  ji.  III. 

2-33."..  2 

27.-9I''.  1 

437.1 

55.  0 

9   11.  111. 

2^1J9.  4 

27977  (i 

4,51.  8 

61.8 

9  ii.  III. 

2i-3(l9.  4 

2-l.'i4.  7 

154.  7 

57.8 

1-J  III. 

2.-3."i(l.  3 

2-13(1.7 

213.  (J 

58.5 

'.i  ]).  III. 

2f4(ir.  2 

2^1194.11 

312.  ti 

5C.3 

9   11.  111. 

2H.".0ll.  2 

2-233.  .7 

2G<i.  7 

4.5.  0 

3  !>.  III. 

2Hi;42.  3 

2-2111.2 

381.1 

70.0 

1-J  111. 

2,-.V.»7.  4 

'■>.f  (37.  9 

259.  5 

f.3.  0 

.t  p.  111. 

2''.>7.  7 

2-329.  8 

257.  9 

6(1.  5 

9  11.  III. 

2<i71..-! 

2833;;.  4 

238.  4 

59.  5 

V-i  111. 

2.-.".-2.  0 

2s32  1.  .1 

2.57.  5 

63.2 

3  )i.  III. 

'Jf.Vi.  7 

2-3(14.  0 

283.  7 

G5.0 

IJ  III. 

'M):,',.  2 

28394.  0 

353.  2 

72.0 

3  p.  III. 

28i;.-i.o 

2.-;!(l3.  1 

377.9 

0.5.  5 

9  p.  111. 

2.«(i77. .') 

2f'-J.-(l.  1 

391.  4 

54.  0 

3  ]i.  III. 

2'':.VJ.  9 

2.-:U1.4 

411.5 

73.0 

9  11.  m. 

2-'T."i9.  0 

2- 12(1.  8 

332.  2 

62.0 

1-.J  111. 

2.-';."iii.  1 

2.-:i2(».  1 

431).  3 

75.5 

3  p.  ui. 

2^742.  4 

2,- 324.,-. 

417.9 

76.5 

285.59.  G 


■J81il2.  U 


358.  6 


62.4 


Computatidii  111"  A  lii^f       ,     Set  H. 


( 


Xo. 

l)iit(>,  1869. 

iloui-. 

A  log  h 

Alo-JI. 

A  1,4 

t 

t' 

t  rt' 

a 

«' 

a+a' 

1 

AlI'ZII^<t   17 

12  III. 

28(140.  5 

2831.9.3 

322.  2 

0 
73.3 

0 
71.  6 

0 

144.  9 

0.  667 

0.  563 

1.230 

o 

All-list  17 

3  |i.  III. 

28644.  9 

2c295.  3 

i49.  6 

76.  n 

81.5 

1.57.  5 

.  627 

.343 

0.970 

.3 

Aii-usf  18 

9  11.  111. 

281190,  7 

283.i(),  7 

.!(!(!.  0 

57.0 

62.  5 

119.5 

.791 

.  5f  2 

1.286 

4 

Au-iist  18 

12  111. 

28(19.5.  1 

2833!  1.  (1 

■  ';55.  .5 

58.0 

76.  5 

134.5 

.  6.58 

.  492 

1.  060 

5 

Au-ust  IS 

3  ](.  111. 

28692.  4 

28317.4 

375,0 

.58.  0 

82.0 

140,  0 

.  CM 

.  323 

0.  981 

(i 

Aiiiiiist  18 

9  p.  111. 

281!I9.  3 

28313  8 

18.5.  5 

57.0 

61.7 

118.7 

.  729 

.837 

1.  566 

7 

August  19 

9  11.  111. 

2828i  7 

2,-143.0 

139.  7 

5.5.  5 

64.0 

119.5 

.  672 

.  .577 

1.249 

8 

Au-ust  19 

12  III. 

28312.  1 

28134,  0 

i7p.  1 

54.  3 

•().  6 

124.  9 

.  745 

.617 

1.  362 

9 

August  19 

3  p.  III. 

2H37I.7 

28122.5 

249.  2 

.56.3 

69.  0 

125.  3 

.686 

.  650 

1.336 

10 

August  211 

9  ii.  111. 

28.591.2 

28207.  5 

3f-3.  7 

.53.  5 

56.  2 

109.  7 

.411 

.707 

1.484 

11 

Au-ust  20 

12  111. 

2-63!l.  6 

2.-201.3 

438.  3 

54.  3 

62.  0 

116.3 

.763 

.521 

1.  284 

12 

Au-ust  29 

3  p.  111. 

28644.  9 

28197.7 

447.2 

55.  0 

61.0 

116.0 

.  723 

.,541 

1.  264 

13 

All-list  21 

9  ii.  111. 

28579.  0 

2826.5.  7 

3  4.  3 

53.  0 

56.  5 

109,5 

.797 

.  776 

1.573 

14 

August  21 

12  III. 

28634. 4 

28276. 3 

358.  1 

55.  0 

.59.  7 

114.7 

.767 

.  653 

1.  420 

15 

Aiijiiist  21 

3  11.  111. 

2865-.i,  8 

2f2(i3.  9 

3- .-.  9 

56.3 

07.0 

123.  3 

.738 

.  735 

1.  473 

16 

Aiijiiist  22 

12  lu. 

28I129.  2 

2843.5,  (1 

493.  6 

54.3 

58.2 

112.5 

.  732 

.671 

1.  403 

17 

Alimist  -^2 

3  p.  III. 

2893.5.  3 

28392.  0 

543.  3 

.58.  5 

05.  5 

124.  0 

.684 

.544 

1.  228 

18 

All-list  2! 

9  11.  lu. 

28872.  7 

28.523.  3 

349.  4 

54.3 

.55.  2 

109.  5 

.  694 

.  6.52 

1.346 

19 

i\ll<rilst  23 

12  III. 

28825.  4 

28510.0 

315.4 

57.5 

0.5.  2 

122.  7 

.  (1.5(1 

.  520 

1.176 

20 

Aii-iisl  23 

3  p.  Ill, 

287(lil.  6 

28471.9 

297.  7 

59.0 

72.0 

131.  0 

.661 

.  379 

1.  031 

21 

Aiiiriist  24 

9  11.  III. 

28.5-J4.  i> 

2.-23(1.  2 

288.  0 

57.  5 

55.0 

112.5 

.644 

.  7.50 

1.394 

22 

AiifTiist  24 

12  111. 

28.524.  2 

28238.  9 

28.5.  3 

58.  5 

68.4 

126.  9 

.  5.59 

.  433 

0.  992 

23 

Au-ust  2.5 

3  p.  III. 
1 

28634.  3 

28131.8 

502.  5 

54.  8 

60.7 

115.5 

.761 

.738 

1.499 

28633. 8 

28289.  8 

344.0 

57.7 

65.  3 

123.  0 

0.700 



0.587 

1.287 

I 

Feat. 

Me.aifb.v  w(i-;lit  of  tlio  valufsof  A  log-''  ,  from  Sct.s  A  mid  15 350.4  ±4.9 

J'or  ti'iniii'iaturo -f  20.7 

For  liitit lull' —  00.  6 

For  (li'ciciis-  of  triavity  on  ,1  vcrticiil  iictiiij;  on  tlic  iiicrciirial  coliiiiin -f-  00. 12 

For  (li'ciciisc  of  -riivity  on  a  vortical  acting  on  tlic  ncuwity  of  tlic  air 00.0 

For  iitiiiosplicric  liuniidity -f     1.  4 

Hoiglit  of  Fort  YnUnn  nbovo  Kcdnnht  St.  Miclmcl's 372. 0  ±  4. 9 

Estiiuatoil  height  of  Uoduiibt  St.  Michael'B  above  the  lovol  of  tho  sea 40.0 

Approximate  lioight  of  Fort  Yiikou  above  the  level  of  the  sea 412. 0 


